Central Javanese temples were not built anywhere and anyhow. On the contrary: their positions within the landscape and their architectural designs were determined by socio-cultural, religious and economic factors. This book explores the correlations between temple distribution, natural surroundings and architectural design to understand how Central Javanese people structured the space around them, and how the religious landscape thus created, developed. Besides questions related to territory and landscape, Degroot's book analyzes the structure of the built space and its possible relations with conceptualized space, showing the influence of imported Indian concepts, as well as their limits. Going off the beaten track, this book explores the hundreds of small sites that scatter the landscape of Central Java. It is also one of very few studies to apply the methods of spatial archaeology to Central Javanese temples and the first in almost a century to present a descriptive inventory of the remains of this region.

By the Early Holocene (10,000 to 8,000 B.P.), small wandering bands of Archaic hunter-gatherers began to annually follow the same hunting trails, basing their temporary camps on seasonal conditions and the presence of food. The Pleistocene glaciers had receded by this time, making food more plentiful in some areas and living conditions less hazardous. Although these Archaic peoples have long been known from their primary activities as hunters and gatherers of wild food resources, recent evidence has been found that indicates they also began rudimentary cultivation sometime during the Middle Holocene.Richard Jefferies - an Archaic specialist - comprehensively addresses the approximately 7,000 years of the prehistory of eastern North America, termed the Archaic Period by archaeologists. Jefferies centers his research on a 380-mile section of the Lower Ohio River Valley, an area rife with both temporary and long-term Archaic sites. He covers the duration of the Holocene and provides a compendium of knowledge of the era, including innovative research strategies and results. Presenting these data from a cultural-ecological perspective emphasizing the relationships between hunter-gatherers and the environments in which they lived, Jefferies integrates current research strategies with emerging theories that are beginning to look at culture history in creative ways.

This is an account of the Neolithic period in Scotland from its earliest traces around 4000 BC to the transformation of Neolithic society in the Early Bronze Age fifteen hundred years later. Gordon Noble inteprets Scottish material in the context of debates and issues in European archaeology, comparing sites and practices identified in Scotland to those found elsewhere in Britain and beyond. He considers the nature and effects of memory, sea and land travel, ritualisation, island identities, mortuary practice, symbolism and environmental impact. He synthesises excavations and research conducted over the last century and more, bringing together the evidence for understanding what happened in Scotland during this long period. His long-term and regionally based analysis suggests new directions for the interpretation of the Neolithic more generally. After outlining the chronology of the Neolithic in Europe Dr Noble considers its origins in Scotland. He investigates why the Earlier Neolithic in Scotland is characterised by regionally-distinct monumental traditions and asks if these reflect different conceptions of the world. He uses a long-term perspective to explain the nature of monumental landscapes in the Later Neolithic and considers whether Neolithic society as a whole might have been created and maintained through interactions at places where large-scale monuments were built. He ends by considering how the Neolithic was transformed in the Early Bronze Age through the manipulation of the material remains of the past. Neolithic Scotland provides a comprehensive, approachable and up-to-date account of the Scottish Neolithic. Such a book has not been available for many years. It will be widely welcomed.

Dieses Buch bietet eine umfassende Studie zum Jungneolithikum (JN, auch Einzelgrabkultur, ca. 2850 - 2250 v. Chr.) in Schleswig-Holstein. Neben einer detaillierten Darstellung aller Funde und Befunde dieser Epoche, liegt ein besonderer Fokus auf Analysen zu den charakteristischen Streitaxten. Diese eignen sich in hervorragender Weise dazu, einen gesellschaftlichen Wandel zu erkennen, da die morphologische Variationsbreite im Laufe des JN zunimmt. So existieren im spaten JN neben sehr elaboriert gestalteten Stucken auch plump wirkende Exemplare. Dies spiegelt vermutlich ein komplexer werdendes Gesellschaftssystem wider und deutet einen Bedeutungswandel der AExte an. Die Streitaxte werden im Spatneolithikum (SN) durch die Silexdolche abgeloest, die durch ahnliche Variationsunterschiede gekennzeichnet sind. Dies deutet eine Kontinuitat in der sozialen Organisation an der Wende zum SN an. Viele Streitaxte liegen im fragmentierten Zustand vor, wobei Schneiden- weitaus haufiger als Nackenhalften belegt sind. Da viele dieser Fragmente weiterhin im Besitz von Applikationen (Schalchen, pars pro toto Schaftloecher) sind, ist anzunehmen, dass die Fragmente - und darauf aufbauend vermutlich ein Grossteil aller Streitaxte aus Einzelfundkontexten - intentionale Deponierungen darstellen. Ein weiterer Fokus wurde auf die Transformation zum JN gelegt, die sich besonders im profanen Bereich als Phase kontinuierlicher Entwicklungen zeigt. Weiterhin wurde ein Unterschied zwischen dem Westen und Osten des Arbeitsgebietes aufgedeckt, der entgegen langlaufiger Meinung keine chronologischen Ursachen besitzt. Vielmehr zeigt sich darin eine strukturell unterschiedliche soziale Orientierung der beteiligten Gruppen. Sowohl im JN als auch im SN ist es im Westen gangige Praxis, dem Verstorbenen Statusobjekte (Streitaxte, Silexdolche und fruhe Bronzeartefakte) als Grabbeigabe mitzugeben, wahrend diese Objekte im Osten des Landes ausserst selten Eingang in Bestattungen fanden, jedoch als Einzel- und im Falle der Bronzeobjekte auch als Depotfunde regelmassig anzutreffen sind. English abstract This book offers a comprehensive study of the Younger Neolithic period ([YN], c. 2850 - 2250 BC) of Schleswig-Holstein (SH). Apart from presenting all currently known artefacts and contexts of that period in detail, a particular focus was placed on the examination of YN battle axes. They appear to be the most common artefact that is preserved from the YN, and they are very well suited for investigating social phenomena. These artefacts furthermore changed diachronically. While battle axes of the early stage are shaped more or less equally elaborately, late specimens exhibit significant morphological variation and difference, as some specimens were shaped very elaborately whereas others were quite simple. The same difference has been observed for the subsequently used flint daggers. It is suggested that this difference reflects the emergence of a more stratified society. Many battle axes appear to have been deposited as broken pieces. As the ratio of cutting edges to butt ends is unequal (2:1) both in SH and in a wider region and as many pieces have "decorations" (Applikationen, pars pro toto shaft holes), battle axes are regarded as intentionally deposited. Accordingly, a large proportion of single finds are regarded as intentional depositions. Another focus was set on examining the transition to the YN. It is argued that many aspects that are said to characterize the YN are rooted in the preceding Middle Neolithic. A novelty is that social role becomes marked in funerary contexts. Thus, the transformation to the YN marks a certain point where already initiated societal changes become visible for first time. The examination of certain attributes revealed furthermore that there are differences between western and eastern SH which are not determined by chronological changes only. Rather, general differences appear between western and eastern regions, an in a wider geographical as well as temporal frame, which might be linked to different social orientations - either collectively or individually acting groups. Scales of Transformation Series This is the publication series of the Kiel University research project "CRC 1266" which takes a long-term perspective, from 15,000 BCE to 1 BCE, to investigate processes of transformation in a crucial period of human history, from late Pleistocene hunter-gatherers to early state societies. Funded by the German Research Foundation, the CRC combines research of around 60 scientists from eight institutions and the Johanna-Mestorf-Academy of the Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel as well as the Centre for Baltic and Scandinavian Archaeology (ZBSA) and the Archaeological State Museum Schloss Gottdorf.

This book examines the first human colonization of Asia and particularly the tropical environments of Southeast Asia during the Upper Pleistocene. In studying the unique character of the Asian archaeological record, it reassesses long-accepted propositions about the development of human 'modernity.' Ryan J. Rabett reveals an evolutionary relationship between colonization, the challenges encountered during this process - especially in relation to climatic and environmental change - and the forms of behaviour that emerged. This book argues that human modernity is not something achieved in the remote past in one part of the world, but rather is a diverse, flexible, responsive and ongoing process of adaptation.

Zu den faszinierendsten materiellen Hinterlassenschaften des Menschen der Eiszeit geh rt die H hlenkunst. G nther Gr nig hat alle dem Nichtwissenschaftler zug nglichen eiszeitlichen Grotten mit Kunst" besucht und berichtet anschaulich und leicht verst ndlich ber die Entstehung der H hlenkunst, ihre Erforschung, Erfolge und Misserfolge der Wissenschaftler sowie die Erkenntnisse, die sich aus den verschiedenen Grabungskampagnen ergeben haben. Besonders interessant sind die von den Wissenschaftlern aufgestellten Theorien ber die Zweckbestimmung der Kunst." Eigene Hypothesen des Verfassers erg nzen die Ausf hrungen. Wer einige der Grotten aufsuchen m chte, findet in diesem Buch genaue Fundortbeschreibungen und Skizzen, die das Werk erg nzen. Auch ber eventuell bestehende Zulassungsbeschr nkungen oder Vorbedingungen, die an einen Besuch bestimmter H hlen gekn pft sind, informiert dieses hilfreiche Buch. Von G nther Gr nig ist au erdem das Buch Die Reise zu den Megalithen - Die interessantesten steinzeitlichen Kultanlagen von Gro britannien, Frankreich, Spanien, Portugal, Italien und Malta" im Tectum Verlag erschienen.

The local basin in the Kalambo River valley above the famous Falls on the boundary between Zambia and Tanzania provides one of the longest and richest records of human activity so far recovered from a single site in the African continent. Successive human occupation levels and horizons cover the past 60,000 years from the close of the Acheulian Industrial Complex to the present day. This third, and final, volume of this major site report deals with the Middle and Earlier Stone Age period.

Het oostelijk deel van West-Friesland was in de midden- en late bronstijd (ca. 1600-800 v. Chr.) een dicht bevolkt gebied met vele boerendorpjes. Door de uitzonderlijk goede conserveringsomstandigheden in dit voormalig kwelderlandschap is de regio een unieke schatkamer voor de overblijfselen daarvan. Vanaf de jaren 60 van de vorige eeuw zijn omvangrijke delen van het cultuurlandschap uit de bronstijd opgegraven, maar nooit gepubliceerd. In deze studie zijn oude opgravingsgegevens uitgewerkt en vertaald in nieuwe inzichten in de inrichting en ontwikkeling van dit indrukwekkende prehistorische cultuurlandschap. Een van de opvallende resultaten van dit onderzoek is dat de nederzettingsterreinen vaak vele generaties bewoond zijn, maar tegelijkertijd een dynamisch karakter hebben. Continuiteit was er op locaties waar een huisplaats is ingericht: nieuwe boerderijen werden vaak generaties lang op dezelfde plaats als de voorganger gebouwd. Ook bij andere structuren, zoals nederzettingsgreppels en clusters kringgreppels, zien we dat terreinen lange tijd dezelfde functie behouden. Maar we zien ook dat huisplaatsen die generaties lang bewoond zijn geweest, op een zeker moment werden opgegeven en bijvoorbeeld als akker in gebruik werden genomen. Door de lange bewoningsduur van terreinen en goede conservering en herkenbaarheid van grondsporen, zijn de Westfriese vindplaatsen bij uitstek geschikt om deze dynamiek in beeld te brengen. De vele greppels die door de bronstijdboeren zijn gegraven vormen bij de analyses een handig hulpmiddel bij het ontrafelen van de stratigrafie en de lay-out van de nederzettingen. Veel beter dan elders in Nederland is het daarom mogelijk inzicht te krijgen in de keuzes die men in de bronstijd heeft gemaakt bij de inrichting van het landschap. Dat maakt deze studie een ijkpunt voor bronstijdonderzoek in Nederland, maar ook in noordwest Europa. Vrijwel nergens zijn dergelijke bronstijdlandschappen zo goed bewaard gebleven en zo intensief onderzocht. English summary This books focusses on the Bronze Age settlements of West-Frisia (The Netherlands). This area consisted mainly of lowland wetlands but nonetheless extensive settlement sites dating to the Middle and Late Bronze age have been documented and excavated.

Proceedings of a conference held in 1992 at St. Polten. Contents include: Gab es zur Hallstattzeit in Ostosterreich schon Kelten? ( Christian Pescheck ); Zur ethnogenese der Ostkelten-spathallstatt-und fuehlatenezeitliche graberfelder zwischen Traisental und Donauknie ( Erzsebet Jerem ); Bemerkungen zu einigen fundstuecken der fruehlatenzeit aus Niederosterreich ( Otto-Herman Frey ); Oppida, Kelten und Romer ( Olivia Buechsenschuetz ); Keltische hohensiedlungen im osten Osterreich ( Otto Urban ).

The Beara Peninsula in counties Cork and Kerry is one of the richest archaeological landscapes in Ireland. Hundreds of prehistoric monuments have been recorded in that area, dating from the Bronze Age to medieval times. The hill valleys of the peninsula also contain an important landscape record of early farm settlement, where entire field patterns are preserved under the growth of blanket peat. This book is the first detailed study to be published on pre-bog fields and early farming in Ireland. It contains the results of new archaeological research for anyone interested in prehistoric and early medieval Ireland, and in the story of Irish farming and its impact on the environment over the past 4000 years. This is a story similar to that of the Ceide Fields in Mayo.

This journal will fill a large gap in the current repertoire of English-language archaeological journals concerning the Paleolithic and Neolithic of Asia and Europe, as the place to publish site reports and data-based studies. These are at present rarely accepted for publication in the majority of journals, as they prefer to publish general articles or syntheses of original archaeological sequences.

This is the fifth in a series of fascicules publishing the British Museum's programme of research excavations at Grimes Graves, Norfolk. This volume provides an account of the exploration of the deep mine sites which formed one component of a reassessment of how the mine field itself developed. It deals with those pits previously examined by Greenwell, Peake and Armstrong deemed useful for reappraisal and contains a catalogue of other shafts known to have been have been excavated or partially explored and previously unpublished data from the Armstrong archive. A final section assesses the original mining methods used and quantity of flint likely to have been excavated.

This is a detailed report on the Iron Age burial located during rescue excavations by the Dover Archaeological Group in Mill Hill, Deal, Kent between 1984 and 1989. Excavations revealed an extensive multi-period cemetery complex, other elements of which will be described in future publications. Mill Hill was intensively occupied by ancient people, and brooches and pots of Iron and Age and Roman date have been found previously. Many of these finds are re-examined and republished in the present volume. More than 500 individual archaeological features were found in the recent excavations; of these forty-two Iron Age inhumations, five pre-Roman cremations and a horse burial are examined in this book.

This extensive volume presents the evidence uncovered by the British School at Rome between 1965 and 1974 for the Iron Age city of Silvium in Apulia, and for the Roman settlement that succeeded it. Its eight essays concentrate especially on the defences of the city of the late fourth century BC, the economic and social transformation of the settlement in the middle of the second century BC, and an osteological analysis of a sample of the burials from the sixth to the first centuries BC. Contributors include: A S Small; P G Dorrell; A C Western; J P Taylor; M Hassall; K Gruspier; G Mullen.

This well-presented and richly illustrated study of Etruscan history and culture is based around a catalogue of Etruscan artworks and artefacts from an exhibition held in Hamburg in 2004. The exhibits, which include wall paintings, tombs, ceramics, metalwork, armour and weapons, mirrors and everyday items, are all presented in colour photographs with a full description. Background essays place the objects in their setting, discussing Etruscan culture, grave goods, wall paintings and tombs and Etruscan archaeology.

In de Nederlandse bodem zijn de resten van oudtijdse bewoning zelden als opgaande structuren terug te vinden. De enige archeologisch herkenbare sporen zijn meestal uitsluitend verkleuringen van de grond die laten zien waar de palen en de wanden van het huis hebben gestaan. Zij laten zo een, afhankelijk van de omstandigheden meer of minder herkenbare, plattegrond in de bodem achter. Huisplattegronden komen vaak in opgravingen in Nederland te voorschijn en behoren daarmee tot een van de meest onderzochte en meest intrigerende archeologische fenomenen. In dit boek schetsen archeologen de ontwikkeling van de huizenbouw vanaf de komst van de eerste boeren zo'n 7000 jaar geleden op de loess in Zuid-Limburg tot aan de dertiende eeuw in alle regio's, met een uitstapje naar de huizenbouw in de Nieuwe Tijd. Het laat ook de lacunes van onze kennis zien op dit gebied en schetst de methodieken die wij willen gebruiken om het onderzoek verder te helpen. Huisplattegronden in Nederland is daarom in de eerste plaats een handboek voor archeologen. Maar ook studenten en liefhebbers van het archeologisch onderzoek zullen veel nieuwe kennis kunnen opdoen over de verschillende verschijningsvormen van gebouwen. We hopen dat ze worden gegrepen door deze bijzondere groep van archeologische gegevens en worden uitgedaagd mee te denken om de talloze vragen die nog resten te helpen onderzoeken.

The many hundreds of books and thousands of academic papers on the topic of Pleistocene (Ice Age) art are limited in their approach because they deal only with the early art of southwestern Europe. This is the first book to offer a comprehensive synthesis of the known Pleistocene palaeoart of six continents, a phenomenon that is in fact more numerous and older in other continents. It contemplates the origins of art in a balanced manner, based on reality rather than fantasies about cultural primacy. Its key findings challenge most previous perceptions in this field and literally re-write the discipline. Despite the eclectic format and its high academic standards, the book addresses the non-specialist as well as the specialist reader. It presents a panorama of the rich history of palaeoart, stretching back more than twenty times as long in time as the cave art of France and Spain. This abundance of evidence is harnessed in presenting a new hypothesis of how early humans began to form and express constructs of reality and thus created the ideational world in which they existed. It explains how art-producing behaviour began and the origins of how humans relate to the world consciously.

Knowledge of the Levantine Epipalaeolithic period plays a critical role in understanding the transition from nomadic hunter-gatherer foraging groups to sedentary communities on the threshold of agriculture. In this study, Bar-Oz has clarified many aspects of the relationship between Epipalaeolithic foragers and their prey. The Epipalaeolithic foragers all utilized similar hunting methods, as evidenced by culling patterns they used for gazelle and fallow deer.Multivariate inter-site zooarchaeological and taphonomic research from a single geographical area and ecological setting (the coastal plain of Israel) provides important records of the Epipalaeolithic cultural sequence. A wide variety of data highlights uniform patterns of cultural and economic behaviors related to food procurement and processing strategies and demonstrates cultural continuity in subsistence strategies within the Levantine Epipalaeolithic sequence.