This book presents dispute settlement decisions of the World Trade Organization by using extensive annotations, in-depth analysis, and comprehensive summaries of case histories. The extensive index in each volume enables access to particular titles. Legal precedents and conclusions are detailed in the large annotations and conclusion sections.

The modern tendency to restrict international arbitration to matters of commerce and investment is succumbing to a renewed recognition of the original impetus for dispute resolution by arbitration - i.e., matters of public international law, most importantly the settlement of disputes that pose a threat of international conflict. Recent developments suggest a renaissance of public international arbitration, most clearly manifested in the present flourishing of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA), the oldest existing dispute settlement institution in international law. As the calls for the development of new and more appropriate methods for dispute settlement in international law increased during the 1990s, the PCA undertook a structural reform and is today a vital forum for dispute settlement, with scores of arbitrations currently pending under its auspices. This book - the most comprehensive study of the institution to date, covering its history, its present status, and its future prospects - proves the PCA's contemporary relevance within the international dispute settlement framework. Among aspects of the PCA's work covered are the following: how public international arbitration functions in comparison to other means available for dispute settlement in international law; the PCA's historical contributions to the current dispute settlement framework; arbitrations between a state and a non-state actor that are in whole or in part governed by public international law; the fields in which public international arbitration plays a revived role; the PCA's present-day institutional framework and its current activities; the prospects for public international arbitration and the PCA in the dispute settlement framework of the twenty-first century; and proposals to increase the PCA's activities in future and to sustain and enhance the institution's ongoing revitalization.

Increased economic interdependencies and trade flows between states, innovations in information technology and computer networks, a global shift toward market economies and regional and multilateral trade arrangements, have all led to an increasingly globalized world economy. This book seeks to analyze the inner penetration of a form of world polity or transnational order - comprised of part epistemic community, institutional networks, national laws and multilateral conventions, norms, rules, principles and transnational ideology - on the traditional notion of state sovereignty within the international arbitral regime. The title will interest practitioners and academics with an interest in international commercial arbitration.

ADR is not merely a substitute for court proceedings or arbitration, but a method of dispute settlement in its own right. In ADR proceedings, the parties call upon a third party not for a decision, but for assistance in reaching an agreement. As a result, ADR is not only less expensive and usually quicker than other methods, but it is capable of giving both parties some degree of satisfaction. The purpose of this book is precisely to look at ADR on its own terms as a way of resolving business disputes, particularly at the international level. Drawing upon diverse approaches, ADR experts from a variety of countries explore the situations to which ADR lends itself and the different permutations it offers to allow each dispute to be handled in the manner most fitting to the circumstances. The contributors also show how ADR serves such important considerations as the interests involved, the need to avoid a public display of differences, and the wish to anticipate problems. By throwing new light on the achievements of ADR and the possibilities it offers, this book will help to situate ADR amongst the panoply of dispute resolution methods now available to the international business community. Practitioners faced with drafting a dispute resolution clause in a contract, or dealing with a dispute which has arisen, will find expert guidance here when deciding which method of resolution to adopt, or whether a combination of procedures would be appropriate. Academics will discover a very useful volume which not only deals with many of the issues raised by ADR, in particular its relationship with arbitration, but also provides material for comparative study of how these issues have been approached and treated until now in various regions of the world, cultures and backgrounds.

It aims to identify the reasons behind the approach toward international arbitration and the role that public policy plays in this regard. Although some previous scholarships have addressed the application of public policy exception in international arbitration, no study has provided a systematic and more in-depth analysis of the application of public policy exception as applied in the United States and Turkey. This book uses a comparative study approach to attempt to fill this lacuna.

Judicial acts of states are becoming increasingly subjected to international investment claims. This book focuses on distinctive particularities of these claims. Although there are no special responsibility regimes for different functions of the state, the application of investment treaty standards and the threshold for their breach may vary depending on the function involved. Accordingly, in order for the state to incur responsibility for a wrongful act committed in the exercise of its judicial function, there are some specific conditions that should be met: the investor must establish that the state is responsible for a breach attributable to the state; the investment tribunal has jurisdiction over the particular dispute; and the damage that the investor has suffered is a result of the particular breach. Berk Demirkol addresses questions in relation to the substance, jurisdiction, admissibility, and remedies in cases where state responsibility arises from a wrongful judicial act.

Arbitration Law in America: A Critical Assessment is a source of arguments and practical suggestions for changing the American arbitration process. The book argues that the 80 year-old Federal Arbitration Act badly needs major changes. The authors, who have previously written major articles on arbitration law and policy, here set out their own views and argue among themselves about the necessary reforms of arbitration. The book contains draft legislation for use in international and domestic arbitration and a detailed explanation of the precise justifications for proposed legislative changes. It also contains two proposals that might be deemed radical - to ban arbitration related to the purchase of products by consumers and to prohibit arbitration of employment disputes. Each proposal is vetted fully and critiqued by one or more of the other co-authors.

Research Handbook on EU Institutional Law offers a critical look into the European Union: its legal foundations, competences and institutions. It provides an analysis of the EU legal system, its application at the national level and the prevalent role of the Court of Justice. Throughout the course of the Handbook the expert contributors discuss whether the European Union is well equipped for the 21st century and the numerous crises it has to handle. They revisit the call for an EU reform made in the Laeken Conclusions in 2001 to verify if its objectives have been achieved by the Treaty of Lisbon and in daily practice of the EU institutions. The book also delves into the concept of a Europe of different speeds, which - according to some - is inevitable in the EU comprising 28 Member States. Overall, the assessment of the changes introduced by the Lisbon Treaty is positive, even if there are plenty of suggestions for further reforms to re-fit the EU for purpose. Students and scholars will find this original Handbook to be an invaluable resource, particularly due to its focus on topics for future discussion. Researchers and policy-makers will also benefit from the points raised in this book. Contributors include: F. Amtenbrink, M. Avbelj, M. Bobek, S. Blockmans, A.B. Capik, T. Capeta, M. Claes, D. Curtin, A. Cygan, B. de Witte, M. Everson, K. Gutman, M. Hillebrandt, S.L. Kaleda, M. Kuijer, A. Lazowski, J. Mendes, A. Sikora, K. van Duin, E. Vos

Although it has been ranked the fourth largest destination for foreign direct investment (FDI) in the world, Brazil has not enacted specific legislation to promote or protect FDI. Nor are there any investment treaties in force, so Brazilian companies investing abroad act without international legal protection. Considering the country's widely acclaimed "arrival" into the small family of the world's major trading nations, the question of Brazil's entry in the international FDI system - not only as an incentive to the inflow of foreign investment, but also to protect the investments of its national companies abroad - has become a hotly debated issue. This timely book, with its incisive reports on all important aspects of the matter, tackle this subject with prodigious knowledge and insight. With detailed analysis of investment-related legislation, including different legal and regulatory models, as well the examination of peculiarities of highly specialized industries present in Brazil, the authors cover such aspects as the following: investment in infrastructure, social areas such as education and health, commodities, and the oil and gas sector; to what extent expropriation under Brazilian law resembles the international standard of protection; political implications of Brazil's FDI stance with regard to the balance of interest within the Latin American region; foreign investment in light of the principle of national treatment; enforceability of arbitration agreements vis-a-vis the state, state entities, and state-owned companies; conflicts of jurisdiction between state courts and arbitral tribunals; arbitration involving companies in liquidation and reorganization proceedings; public - partnership contracts; and investment-related aspects of human rights and intellectual property rights.

The Iran-U.S. Claims Tribunal, concerned principally with the claims of U.S. nationals against Iran, is the most important international claims tribunal to have sat in over half a century. Its jurisprudence is bound to make a uniquely important contribution to international law and, in particular, the law relating to aliens. The series is the only complete and fully indexed report of the decisions of this unique tribunal. These reports are essential for all practitioners in the field of international claims, academics in private and public international law and comparative lawyers as well as all governments and law libraries. Each volume contains a detailed consolidated index and tables of cases covering the whole series to date.

This book examines Israel's relationship and political decision-making process towards the Occupied Territories from the aftermath of the Six Day War to the Labour Party's electoral defeat in 1977. The period represents the first decade of Israel's occupation of the Occupied Territories and the last decade in which the Labour Party was Israel's most dominant political force. Arguing that the successive Israeli governments headed by the Labour Party lacked a strategic policy towards the Occupied Territories to address the country's objectives and needs, this book demonstrates the detrimental effect this had on Israel, on the Middle East in general, and on the Palestinian people in particular. In addressing key aspects of decision making pathologies, this book raises issues which remain important features of Israeli politics today and an analysis relevant for political decision making worldwide.

The European Union's (EU) powerful legal framework drives the process of European integration. The Court of Justice (ECJ) has established a uniquely effective supranational legal order, beyond the original wording of the Treaty of Rome and transforming our traditional understanding of international law. This work investigates how these fundamental transformations in the European legal system were received in one of the most important member states, Germany. On the one hand, Germany has been highly supportive of political and economic integration; yet on the other, a fundamental pillar of the post-war German identity was the integrity of its constitutional order. How did a state whose constitution was so essential to its self-understanding subscribe to the constitutional practice of EU law, which challenged precisely this aspect of its identity? How did a country who could not say no to Europe become the member state most reluctant to accept the new power of the ECJ?"

The ICC Rules of Arbitration constitute one of the world's oldest and most widely used sets of rules for the resolution of international commercial disputes. In 1998, shortly after the entry into force of the current version of the Rules, the First Edition of this book appeared and quickly became an indispensable resource for all those involved or interested in ICC arbitrations, including arbitrators, counsel, and parties. In this updated and revised edition, the authors two of the world's leading experts on ICC arbitration have revised the Guide in order to take stock not only of the evolution in ICC practice over the last seven years, but of new arbitral and judicial decisions bearing on the interpretation and application of the Rules and of developments in international arbitration practice generally. The Guide s notable features include: article-by-article commentary on the ICC Rules, enriched by the authors personal involvement in their drafting and years of experience as arbitrators, counsel, and former Secretaries General of the ICC International Court of Arbitration; ample and greatly expanded references, in respect of the Rules individual provisions, to relevant national court judgments and arbitral awards, together with extensive bibliographical sources; and up-to-date statistics on ICC arbitration and copies of all ICC rules on dispute resolution mechanisms in addition to arbitration. A truly comprehensive reference work on ICC arbitration practice, the Second Edition of the Guide will be of immeasurable value to corporate counsel, international lawyers, and business people, as well as to all those interested in the international arbitration process.

In recent decades the world has experienced the rise of so-called 'low intensity conflicts'. Unlike conventional wars these very bloody armed conflicts are no longer the affair of state governments and their armies. In their place appear police-like armed units,security services and secret services, groups and organizations of religious, political and social fanatics ready to resort to violence, 'militias', bands of mercenaries, or just gangs of thugs, led by the condottiere of the 21st century, consisting of militant charismatics, militia 'generals', 'drug barons' and 'warlords' of various kinds. They conduct wars in which the soldiers no longer wear uniforms and there is no meeting of armies in open battle. The armed organizations fight in urban agglomerations and in difficult, inaccessible regions. The combatants fight for religion and quasi-religious ideologies, for the 'rights of the people' or 'national liberation', for power, gain, and booty, and above all for recognition. For the practice of peace, this kind of war has far-reaching consequences. In this book the authors examine various paths to peace and reconciliation in low intensity conflicts. They look at processes of peace making from South Africa and the North of Mali to Indonesia and South East Asia. Common to most studies is that they stress the particular local contexts of peace making tied to the highly localized nature of most low intensity conflicts. The logic of peace has become a logic of local and regional power. The articles shed new light not only on ways and chances of interventions by the international community but also on the role of nongovernmental organisations in violent conflicts.

The 1958 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards is without a doubt the single most important treaty in the field of international commercial arbitration, and has enjoyed remarkable success over its half-century of use. It has been praised as a convention which 'perhaps could lay claim to be the most effective instance of international legislation in the entire history of commercial law.' In honour of the Convention's fiftieth anniversary, outstanding scholars of international commercial arbitration have contributed to this comprehensive commentary. Following a design calling for article-by-article analysis (or even, in the case of the crucial Article 5, by sub-article), this unique book provides an in-depth analysis of the Convention's first fifty years in light of internationally accessible case law from a wide range of jurisdictions around the world. In so doing it greatly clarifies and enhances our knowledge of both the theoretical underpinnings and the practical application of the Convention in its global context. The authors, each of whom is an experienced practitioner in the field of international arbitration, draw on experience in a wide variety of national jurisdictions. In addition to drafting chapters independently, each has made invaluable contributions to other authors' chapters. Authoritative case law research was further provided by dozens of contributors with expertise in specific jurisdictions worldwide. The analysis thoroughly covers the major issues that have arisen in the application of the Convention, including the following: - the use of reservations made by Contracting States; - the distinctions between recognition and enforcement and between recognition sought at the seat of the arbitration and outside the seat; - the role of the courts in reviewing arbitral awards and, in particular, the Convention's focus on safeguarding due process standards; - the more favourable rightsA" principle embodied in Article VII(1); - the relevance of forum shopping and asset spotting to the application of the Convention; and - the role of formalities and formalism. The end result is an invaluable work that will prove enormously useful to all international commercial arbitration practitioners and scholars, regardless of location.

As more and more transnational businesses invest in China, the spectre of commercial disputes looms larger and larger. This book, a deeply knowledgeable introduction to the law and practice of commercial dispute settlement in today's China, is especially valuable because such disputes raise a plethora of issues that challenge the expertise of non-Chinese lawyers. Written by senior lawyers with rich practical experience in China, "Duelling with Dragons" uses a hypothetical scenario to highlight the kinds of disputes that can arise in the course of initiating and operating a Chinese joint venture. After introductory chapters setting out the background and the disputes facing "Ricepower" and its investors, subsequent chapters deal with an overview and evaluation of the various options available to the parties to resolve their conflicts. These include such mechanisms as the following: arbitration inside China; arbitration outside China; litigation in the People's Courts; administrative appeals; and investor-state arbitration. Specialized themes include intellectual property disputes, employment and labour disputes, criminal law aspects of business disputes, and enforcement of dispute outcomes both inside China and abroad. The book also features a detailed table of legislation and cases, and statistics on arbitration and litigation in China. With its practical, problem-solving approach, "Duelling with Dragons" provides corporate counsel, international lawyers, and business people, as well as students of dispute resolution, with a realistic picture of dispute settlement practices in business transactions in China today.

Parties to Latin American commercial transactions have long needed a clear and detailed guide to the dispute resolution mechanisms and procedures available through the many relevant regional institutions that operate in South and Central America, Mexico, and the Caribbean. This incomparable book meets this need. In clear, non-expert English, it explains the different dispute resolution procedures of which companies and their counsel can take advantage in the course of doing business. The author pays close attention to the underlying treaties and protocols, some of which are not available in English. Among the many valuable resources provided are the following: an overview of regional and sub-regional institutions relevant to international dispute resolution; description of other institutions which provide investment guarantee protection and dispute resolution services, including the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC), and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and its sister institutions; insight into the way each institution is structured and how each legislates for its member states; analysis of substantive and procedural rights available to investors and states under the rules of each institution; and, details on how information can be obtained from the respective institutions for the purposes of further research. It also provides: rules of operation of supra-national/sitting courts and ad hoc tribunals, including the Inter-American Commission and Court of Human Rights, the Inter-American Commercial Arbitration Commission (IACAC), the Andean Court of Justice, the Caribbean Court of Justice, Mercosur's established arbitral tribunals and Permanent Review Tribunal, and the Central American Court of Justice; analysis of major Free Trade Agreements (FTAs), including the Group of Three Agreement, the US-CAFTA-DR, and the proposed Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA); investment protection afforded by Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) and Free Trade Agreements, with a country-by-country compendium of the BITs and FTAs signed by each; and discussion of regional initiatives of relevance to future policy-making. Especially valuable coverage includes information that has been dispersed and difficult to locate in English, such as details of MIGA's dispute mediation service and recent changes in Central American Common Market rules. As a complete and consolidated text on the bilateral, multilateral and sub-regional institutions that operate in Latin America and the Caribbean, International Dispute Resolution in Latin America: An Institutional Overview will be of great interest to corporate counsel, international lawyers, and business people, as well as to students of international dispute resolution and international affairs. Public officials in the region will appreciate the book's assistance in enabling them to decipher the institutional labyrinth which currently exists in Latin America.

In 1998, the Rome Statute to the International Criminal Court (ICC) emerged as a groundbreaking treaty both due to its codification of international criminal law and its recognition of the crimes committed against women in times of war and conflict. The ICC criminalized acts of rape, sexual slavery, and enforced pregnancy, amongst others, to provide the most advanced articulation ever of gender based violence under international law. However, thus far no scholarly book has analyzed whether or not the implementation of the ICC has been successful. The Politics of Gender Justice at the International Criminal Court fills this intellectual gap, specifically examining the gender justice design features of the Rome Statute (the foundation of the ICC), and assessing the effectiveness of the statute's implementation in the first decade of the court's operation. Louise Chappell argues that although the ICC has provided mixed outcomes for gender justice, there have also been a number of important breakthroughs, particularly in regards to support for female judges. Meticulous and comprehensive, this book refines the notion of gender justice principles and adds a valuable, but as yet unrecognized, gender dimension to the burgeoning historical institutionalist approach to international relations. Chappell links feminist international relations literature with feminist institutionalism literature for the first time, thereby strengthening and adding to both fields. Ultimately, Chappell's analysis is an essential step towards attaining a greater degree of gender equality in the context of international law. The definitive volume on gender and the ICC, The Politics of Gender Justice at the International Criminal Court is a valuable resource for students and scholars of international relations, international law, and human rights.

This book, since its first edition in 2004, has been widely used as a peerless practitioners' guide to international arbitration in Switzerland. Keeping in line with the first edition, this second edition describes in detail each phase of arbitral proceedings, from drafting the arbitration clause to challenge and enforcement of the award. The second edition continues to pay close attention to all aspects, including procedure before the arbitral tribunal, interim measures, confidentiality, the mediation alternative, and many other topics. The new edition has been extensively revised to take fully into account the newly amended Swiss Rules of International Arbitration, as well as numerous changes internationally, such as the revised ICC Rules and the revised UNCITRAL Rules. Many new decisions of the Swiss Federal Tribunal relating to arbitration are also considered, as is legal commentary. The second edition also features a chart comparing major institutional arbitration rules on all aspects of the arbitral process covered by those rules. There are also two entirely new chapters - one on the legislative framework of Swiss arbitration law, and one addressing costs of arbitration. The approach throughout is rigorously practice-oriented, adding theoretical support whenever necessary. With the help of this book, practitioners will proceed confidently as they approach such tasks as the following: drafting an effective arbitration clause and choosing between ad hoc and institutional arbitration; understanding the manner in which arbitral proceedings can be structured and evaluating what is best suited to their needs; weighing the possibilities of interim relief at their disposal; anticipating the duration and costs of proceedings; and assessing post-award options. Whilst focusing on the latest developments in international commercial arbitration, International Arbitration in Switzerland includes sections on sports arbitration (with a focus on the Court of Arbitration for Sport in Lausanne) and on Swiss-based public international law dispute settlement mechanisms, such as those of the WTO and the UNCC.

International Organizations as Law-makers addresses how international organizations with a global reach, such as the UN and the WTO, have changed the mechanisms and reasoning behind the making, implementation, and enforcement of international law. Alvarez argues that existing descriptions of international law and international organizations do not do justice to the complex changes resulting from the increased importance of these institutions after World War II, and especially from changes after the end of the Cold War. In particular, this book examines the impact of the institutions on international law through the day to day application and interpretation of institutional law, the making of multilateral treaties, and the decisions of a proliferating number of institutionalized dispute settlers. The introductory chapters synthesize and challenge the existing descriptions and theoretical frameworks for addressing international organizations. Part I re-examines the law resulting from the activity of political organs, such as the UN General Assembly and Security Council, technocratic entities within UN specialized agencies, and international financial institutions such as the IMF, and considers their impact on the once sacrosanct 'domestic jurisdiction' of states, as well as on traditional conceptions of the basic sources of international law. Part II assesses the impact of the move towards institutions on treaty-making. It addresses the interplay between negotiating venues and procedures and interstate cooperation and asks whether the involvement of international organizations has made modern treaties 'better'. Part III examines the proliferation of institutionalized dispute settlers, from the UN Secretary General to the WTO's dispute settlement body, and re-examines their role as both settlers of disputes and law-makers. The final chapter considers the promise and the perils of the turn to formal institutions for the making of the new kinds of 'soft' and 'hard' global law, including the potential for forms of hegemonic international law.

Under globalization, the resolution of commercial disputes across national borders is assuming ever greater importance. This study explores a range of possible approaches, both within the established legal infrastructure, and through alternatives, not only arbitration, but also non-confrontational means such as negotiation and mediation/conciliation. The Japanese experience in dispute processing is taken as a means of exploring the ways in which international harmonization efforts such as the UNCITRAL Model Law impact on individual nations. As an Asian nation which has adopted and adapted a variety of Western practices under modernization and democratization, Japan is in a unique position to offer a balanced global example - a model for a more comprehensive approach to disputes as an integrated multi-layered system. The book should be of interest to the scholar and practitioner of trans-national/cultural commercial dispute processing as well as those who are involved in the law reform technical co-operation.

Peace and Justice at the International Criminal Court focuses on the evolution and the present-day work of the International Criminal Court, a historic global institution. Errol P. Mendes provides a compelling argument that there can never be a sustainable peace in conflicts unless the cause of justice is also addressed. The author dives deep into the facts and rulings of the Court that involved some of the most serious international conflicts in recent times. The author also discusses the challenges facing the Court from failed prosecutions to failures of the UN Security Council and other member states. What results is a detailed but honest critique of where the Court succeeds and where it needs to improve. Mendes goes on to provide a prediction of the greatest challenges facing the Court in the foreseeable future. This book is a valuable resource for academics and students in international criminal law and practice, public international relations, political science, military and war studies.

Opposite pages bear duplicate numbering

In recent decades there has been a considerable growth in the activities of international tribunals and the establishment of new tribunals. Furthermore, supervisory bodies established to control compliance with treaty obligations have adopted decisions in an increasing number of cases. National courts further add to the practice of adjudication of claims based on international law. While this increasing practice of courts and supervisory bodies strengthens the adjudicatory process in international law, it also poses challenges to the unity of international law. Most of these courts operate within their own special regime (functional, regional, or national) and will primarily interpret and apply international law within the framework of that particular regime. The role of domestic courts poses special challenges, as the powers of such courts to give effect to international law, as well as their actual practice in applying such law, largely will be determined by national law. At the same time, both international and national courts have recognised that they do not operate in isolation from the larger international legal system, and have found various ways to counteract the process of fragmentation that may result from their jurisdictional limitations. This book explores how international and national courts can, and do, mitigate fragmentation of international law. It contains case studies from international regimes (including the WTO, the IMF, investment arbitration and the ECtHR) and from various national jurisdictions (including Japan, Norway, Switzerland and the UK), providing a basis for conclusions to be drawn in the final chapter.

This book contains a collection of essays by leading experts linked to the outstanding characteristics of the scholar in honour of whom it is published, Tullio Treves, who combines his academic background with his practical experiences of a negotiator of international treaties and a judge of an international tribunal. It covers international public and private law related to international courts and the development of international law.

Under Article 38 of its Statute, the International Court of Justice can apply judicial decisions only as a subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law . However, there are many reasons to believe that international courts and tribunals do play quite an important role in the progressive development of international law. There are a number of decisions which are inevitably recalled as the first step, or a decisive step, in the process of the formation of a new rule of customary international law. In these cases, can the judge be considered as a subsidiary of others? Are these cases compatible with the common belief that a judge cannot create law? Is this a peculiarity of international law, which is characterized by the existence of several courts but the lack of a legislator? Do decisions by different courts lead to the consequence of a fragmented international law? This volume provides the reader with an elaboration of various questions linked to the legislative role of courts.

In their choices of subjects, some contributors have taken into account the general aspects of the development of international rules through court decisions or specific sectors of international law, such as human rights, international crimes, international economic law, environmental law and the law of the sea. Others have chosen the subject of the rules on jurisdiction and procedure of international courts. The question of the courts role in the development of areas of law different from public international law, namely private international law and European Union law, has also been considered.

The information and views contained in this book will be of great value to academics, students, judges, practitioners and all others interested in the public and private international law aspects of the link between international courts and the development of international law.