The second edition of The Biomarker Guide is a fully updated and expanded version of this essential reference. Now in two volumes, it provides a comprehensive account of the role that biomarker technology plays both in petroleum exploration and in understanding Earth history and processes. Biomarkers and Isotopes in Petroleum Exploration and Earth History itemizes parameters used to genetically correlate petroleum and interpret thermal maturity and extent of biodegradation. It documents most known petroleum systems by geologic age throughout Earth history. The Biomarker Guide is an invaluable resource for geologists, petroleum geochemists, biogeochemists, and environmental scientists.

Learning to draw field sketches is an essential task for geologists, however it is often overlooked. This book presents simple techniques, useful tips and detailed examples to teach geologists how to draw rocks successfully. Field sketches are the best way to record the natural world, and yet they are one of the most difficult parts of fieldwork to master. This book shows how to go about drawing the key elements of geology in and out of the field and is a practical guide that will help you improve your diagrams and the quality of your notes. Through simple rules, useful tips and detailed examples the author describes how to go about drawing outcrops, structures, hand specimens and thin-sections and what features need to be observed and recorded. If you've ever wished you could draw geology better, this book is for you.

Few, if any, fundamental disciplines in the earth sciences have seen so many dramatic changes and developments as stratigraphy. The discipline has come to be applied progressively, and indispensably, to nearly all branches of the earth sciences, including such endeavors as charting the course and complexities of life evolution through time, understanding how ancient ecosystems developed and operated, and furnishing data pivotal to exploration and exploitation of strategic mineral resources.This book aims to incorporate major aspects and essential elements underpinning the modern applications and perspectives of stratigraphy. It focuses on traditional and innovative techniques and how these can be utilized in reconstructing the geological history of sedimentary basins and in solving manifold geological problems and phenomena. Each chapter summarizes contributions by leading researchers in the field. It is hoped that this book will provide the reader with key insights into all these aspects and applications.

The Chalk is the most important source of fresh water in Northwestern Europe; more than eight million cubic meters of water are pumped daily from the aquifer. This book reviews the origin, sedimentology, and hydraulic properties of this unique rock, as well as the chemical characteristics of the water it contains. Separate chapters cover the occurrence of groundwater in the Chalk in each of the six countries which share its resources. The factors influencing the flow of oil through the Chalk and its role as a hydrocarbon reservoir in the North Sea are treated in detail. The industrial chemicals, fertilizers, and pesticides that have been allowed to enter the Chalk, thereby threatening its use for water supply are also discussed, with an emphasis on the factors that influence the distribution of the aquifer pollutants. This book will be of interest to a wide range of professionals and students, including those in geology, hydrogeology, water engineering, civil engineering, geography, water administration, and environmental science.

The second edition of this acclaimed, accessible textbook brings the subject of sedimentation and erosion completely up-to-date, providing an excellent primer on both fundamental concepts of sediment-transport theory and methods for practical applications. The structure of the first edition is essentially unchanged, but all the chapters have been updated, with several chapters reworked and expanded significantly. Examples of the new additions include the concept of added mass, the Modified Einstein Procedure, sediment transport by size fractions, sediment transport of sediment mixtures, and new solutions to the Einstein Integrals. Many new examples and exercises have been added. Erosion and Sedimentation is an essential textbook on the topic for students in civil and environmental engineering and the geosciences, and also as a handbook for researchers and professionals in engineering, the geosciences and the water sciences.

The second edition of this acclaimed, accessible textbook brings the subject of sedimentation and erosion completely up-to-date, providing an excellent primer on both fundamental concepts of sediment-transport theory and methods for practical applications. The structure of the first edition is essentially unchanged, but all the chapters have been updated, with several chapters reworked and expanded significantly. Examples of the new additions include the concept of added mass, the Modified Einstein Procedure, sediment transport by size fractions, sediment transport of sediment mixtures, and new solutions to the Einstein Integrals. Many new examples and exercises have been added. Erosion and Sedimentation is an essential textbook on the topic for students in civil and environmental engineering and the geosciences, and also as a handbook for researchers and professionals in engineering, the geosciences and the water sciences.

Minerals in sedimentary rocks emit characteristic visible luminescence called cathodoluminescence (CL) when bombarded by high energy electrons. CL emissions can be displayed as colour images in a cathodoluminescence microscope or as high-resolution monochromatic images in a scanning electron microscope. This provides information not available by other techniques on the provenance of the mineral grains in sedimentary rocks, and insights into diagenetic changes. The book, first published in 2006, begins with an easily understood presentation of the fundamental principles of CL imaging. This is followed by a description and discussion of the instruments used in CL imaging, and a detailed account of its applications to the study of sedimentary rocks. The volume is a comprehensive, easily understood description of the applications of cathodoluminescence imaging to the study of sedimentary rocks. It will be an important resource for academic researchers, industry professionals and advanced graduate students in sedimentary geology.

This book envisages a multi-proxy approach using stable isotopes, geochemical proxies, magnetic susceptibility and associated biotic events for paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental interpretations of the Mesozoic sedimentary record of India. Mesozoic rocks of India record abnormal sea level rise, greenhouse climate, intensified volcanism, hypoxia in seawater, extensive black shale deposition, and hydrocarbon occurrence. The Mesozoic has also witnessed mass extinction events, evolution of dinosaurs, and breakdown of the supercontinent Pangea and the formation of Gondwana. Although the Mesozoic geology of India has witnessed significant progress in the last century, literature survey reveals a huge gap in knowledge regarding sequence stratigraphy, chemostratigraphy and key geological events. A synthesis of sedimentological, paleontological and chemical data is included to presenting a comprehensive understanding of the Indian Mesozoic record to students, researchers and professionals.

Increasingly environmental scientists, palaeoceanographers and geologists are collecting quantitative records of environmental changes (time-series) from sediments, ice cores, cave calcite, corals and trees. This book explains how to analyse these records, using straightforward explanations and diagrams rather than formal mathematical derivations. All the main cyclostratigraphic methods are covered including spectral analysis, cross-spectral analysis, filtering, complex demodulation, wavelet and singular spectrum analysis. Practical problems of time-series analysis, including those of distortions of environmental signals during stratigraphic encoding, are considered in detail. Recent research into various types of tidal and climatic cycles is summarised. The book ends with an extensive reference section, and an appendix listing sources of computer algorithms. This book provides the ideal reference for all those using time-series analysis to study the nature and history of climatic and tidal cycles. It is suitable for senior undergraduate and graduate courses in environmental science, palaeoceanography and geology.

This unique survey describes the world's ancient phosphorite deposits on a scale never previously attempted. The International Geological Correlation Programme started Project 156, on world phosphate resources, in 1977. An international team of forty-six researchers describes in twenty-five chapters almost 100 Precambrian or Cambrian deposits of phosphate rock, extending through all continents except Antarctica. The total resources are large, but only a small fraction is minable at present. The data presented give a good understanding of the distribution, nature and origin of phosphate deposits. The book is an important contribution to the scientific understanding of phosphate deposits, as well as a valuable aid to the search for an exploitation of phosphates in many parts of the world.

Glacial deposits provide a long-term record of climate and sea level changes on Earth. Detailed study of sedimentary rocks deposited during and immediately after glacial episodes is paramount to accurate palaeoclimatic reconstructions and for our understanding of global climatic and eustatic changes. This book presents new information and interpretations of the ancient glacial record, looking in particular at the Late Proterozoic and Late Paleozoic eras. The influence of global tectonics on the origins and distribution of ice masses and the character of glacial deposits through geologic time is emphasised. Sequence stratigraphic techniques are applied to glaciogenic successions, and explanations for possible low-latitude glaciation during the Late Proterozoic era and the association of carbonate deposits with glaciogenic rocks are put forward. Early interglacial conditions, represented by dark grey mudrocks and ice keel scour features are discussed. These studies, from key workers in International Geological Correlation Program Project 260, will aid the understanding of the Earth's climatic history.

This book gathers and updates the most significant advances of the last two centuries and presents an unprecedented micro paleontological study covering more than 20 stratigraphic sections. This information is supplemented by numerous sedimentological observations and analyses, on the basis of which a new lithostratigraphic framework for the Neogene of the Chacoparanense Basin is proposed. The book is structured in an easy-to-read format: Its main section offers a comprehensive review of the current state of knowledge on transgressions in Argentina and similar transgressions in other South American countries, taking into account various key aspects (age, paleoenvironment, micropaleontology, etc.). Secondly, the book presents the main results on the TLP and TEP of the Chacoparanense Basin and the TEP of the Peninsula de Valdes. Lastly, it provides readers with complete stratigraphic profiles (Appendix A), mineralogical analyses (Appendix B), distribution charts (Appendix C), systematics (Appendix D) and plates (Appendix E).

This edition reviews the results of Apollos 11, 12, 14, and 15. Included are approximately sixty new pages of text and forty new photographs and pictures. Thomas A. Mutch has written this book for students of lunar geology and scientists in diverse fields related to astrogeology as well as for the interested layman. Originally published in 1973. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

A clear understanding of the processes responsible for observed rock microstructures is essential for making reliable petrogenetic interpretations, including inferences made from chemical and isotopic analyses of minerals. This volume presents a comprehensive survey of rock microstructures, emphasising basic concepts and the latest methods, while highlighting potential pitfalls in the interpretation of the origin of rock microstructure. Richly illustrated with over 250 colour photographs, including more than 10 percent new photomicrographs and several mesoscopic images, it demonstrates the basic processes responsible for the wide variety of microstructures in igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. This second edition includes extensive updates to the coverage of igneous rocks as well as recent ideas on physical processes in migmatites and partial melting of sedimentary rocks. This practical guide will continue to be an invaluable resource to advanced students and early-career researchers of mineralogy, petrology and structural geology, as well as professional geologists and material scientists.

This book, based on papers from a symposium at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, shows the necessity of developing a new philosophy in place of the classical uniformitarianism based only on processes familiar in human experience.

Originally published in 1984.

The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

This book, based on papers from a symposium at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, shows the necessity of developing a new philosophy in place of the classical uniformitarianism based only on processes familiar in human experience. Originally published in 1984. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Am Beispiel von 25 bedeutenden Fossillagerstatten veranschaulicht das Buch eindrucksvoll die geologische, biologische und geographische Entwicklung des europaischen Kontinents. In funf Kapiteln werden alle geologischen Zeitalter vorgestellt. Der Band ist das Ergebnis einer internationalen Zusammenarbeit von mehr als 30 renommierten Palaontologen aus 13 verschiedenen europaischen Landern und wird gefoerdert von der Europaischen Palaontologischen Gesellschaft.

The Gulf of Mexico Basin is one of the most prolific hydrocarbon-producing basins in the world, with an estimated endowment of 200 billion barrels of oil equivalent. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the basin, spanning the US, Mexico and Cuba. Topics covered include conventional and unconventional reservoirs, source rocks and associated tectonics, basin evolution from the Mesozoic to Cenozoic Era, and different regions of the basin from mature onshore fields to deep-water subsalt plays. Cores, well logs and seismic lines are all discussed providing local, regional and basin-scale insights. The scientific implications of seminal events in the basin's history are also covered, including sedimentary effects of the Chicxulub Impact. Containing over 200 color illustrations and 50 stratigraphic cross-sections and paleogeographic maps, this is an invaluable resource for petroleum industry professionals, as well as graduate students and researchers interested in basin analysis, sedimentology, stratigraphy, tectonics and petroleum geology.

Das Wissen uber das Eiszeitalter verandert sich rasch. Neue Hinweise liefern u.a. Tiefseesedimente, die Isotopentechnik und die Erkundung heutiger kalter Gebiete der Erde, wobei Eiskernbohrungen in Groenland und der Antarktis fur die jungere Klimageschichte besonders wichtig sind. Eindrucksvoll sind die durch Tiefseebohrungen moeglich gewordenen UEbersichten, deren Auswertung erst am Anfang steht. Neben einer ausfuhrlichen Einfuhrung in die wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen der Eiszeitforschung sowie deren Standortbestimmung behandelt der Autor insbesondere lokale eiszeitliche Besonderheiten in Deutschland sowie Groessenanderungen, Lageanderungen und Fliessverhalten heutiger Gletscher. Die hier ausgewertete Revision der Tiefseedatierung ermoeglicht erstmals eine Einsicht in die realen Dimensionen quartarer Zeitabschnitte. Es ergibt sich eine fast luckenlose UEbersicht uber grosse und kleine, bekannte und unbekannte Glaziale und Interglaziale und deren Einfluss auf Landschaft und Lebensformen.

Das Buch dokumentiert umfassende interdisziplinare Forschungsarbeiten, die in einem reprasentativen Teil des Wattenmeers durchgefuhrt wurden. Die Transporte von Wasser und Partikeln wurden gemessen, geloeste und gasfoermige Substanzen erfasst und die Verdriftung von Organismen verfolgt. Die Untersuchungen fanden auf mehreren raumlichen und zeitlichen Skalen statt. Beleuchtet wird nicht nur der Beitrag der wichtigsten Lebensgemeinschaften und Arten zum Stoffaustausch, sondern auch ihre Rolle im Nahrungsnetz des OEkosystems. Die Bilanzierung der Im- und Exporte der untersuchten Wattenmeerbucht gibt Hinweise auf die langfristige Entwicklung. Daraus lassen sich oekologische Prognosen ableiten, die es ermoeglichen, zukunftige Umweltprobleme im Wattenmeer rechtzeitig zu erkennen und Schutzmassnahmen zu treffen.

Eines der Hauptziele geologischer Forschung ist die Rekonstruktion der Landschaften, die im Laufe der langen Erdgeschichte das Aussehen der ErdoberfHiche gepriigt haben. Eine soIche Zielsetzung umfa t die Be- schreibung der Lebewesen einsch1ie lich ihrer Lebensweisen wie auch der physikalisch-chemischen Verhaltnisse in ihrem Lebensraum. Innerhalb dieses Forschungsgebietes nimmt die Palaookologie einen bevorzugten Platz ein. Als Umweltwissenschaft untersucht sie die Wechselbeziehun- gen, die zwischen fossilen Organismen und Sediment bestanden, wobei sie sich auf so verschiedenartige Nachbardisziplinen wie Palaontologie, Petro- graphie, Sedimentologie, Geochemie u.a. stUtzt . . . In einer Zeit, in der sich die Grenzen zwischen den Wissenschaftsdisziplinen immer mehr ver- wischen, zeigt sich die Palaookologie nicht so sehr als eine eigenstandige Wissenschaft, sondem vielmehr als eine geistige Einstellung, als eine methodologische Art der Betrachtung. Das vorliegende Buch verfolgt den Zweck, verschiedene Wege aufzu- weisen, die der Geologe zur Gewinnung von Erkenntnissen Uber ehemalige Lebensraume beschreiten kann. Es will den Leser mit den Gedankenglin- gen bekanntmachen, wie sie in der Palaookologie Ublich sind, und ihm friihere Landschaften, die sich haufig von den heutigen unterscheiden, vor Augen fiihren. Der erste Teil des Buches enthlilt die Erkenntnisse, die aus Unter- suchungen an Fossilien und Sedimenten Uber die ehemaligen Sedimenta- tionsraume gewonnen wurden. Die Lebensweisen und Existenzbedingun- gen der Organismen werden naher behandelt. Sie ermoglichen es, die ver- schiedenen Lebensraume zu charakterisieren und die Entstehung von Fossillagerstatten verstandlich zu machen.

Das vorliegende Buch uber Karsthydrographie und physische Spelaologie ver- bindet zwei Sachgebiete, die bisher getrennt behandelt worden sind. Beide Wissensgebiete sind ihre eigenen Wege gegangen, weniger aus sachlicher Ver- schiedenheit, als wegen der unterschiedlichen Betrachtungsweise. In der Karst- hydrographie steht die Beschreibung unterirdischer Gewasser mit ihrem physi- kalischen und chemischen Verhalten im Mittelpunkt, in der physischen Spelao- logie die unterirdischen Hohlraume mit ihrem Inhalt, die meist durch eben diese Wasser geschaffen worden sind. Diese Hohlraume lassen sich nur mit Hilfe karsthydrographischer Kenntnisse richtig interpretieren, geben aber daftir Hin- weise auf das Verhalten der Karstgewasser. Karsthydrographie und physische Spelaologie sind somit zwei Seiten des unterirdischen Karstphanomens und sollten unter einem einheitlichen Blickwinkel betrachtet werden. Das Buch wendet sich an Geologen, Hydrogeologen, Geomorphologen, Geographen und Karstforscher, vor allem Spelaologen, sowie an alle Hoehlen- freunde, unter ihnen im besonderen die Laienforscher. Der Inhalt muss daher zwei Gruppen ansprechen, einerseits die akademisch Geschulten, seien es Hoch- schuldozenten, Hochschulabsolventen oder noch Studenten, die in der Regel ausreichende Grundlagen zum Verstandnis der theoretischen Ausfuhrungen aufweisen, andererseits die Laien, die eine erlebte Anschauung aus den Hoehlen mitbringen, doch haufJ.g nicht uber alle wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen zum Verstandnis der Phanomene verfugen. Deshalb mussten gelegentlich auch ein- facheren Problemen groesserer Raum gewahrt und nomenklatorische Fragen mit einbezogen werden.

Als urn die Mitte des vorigen Jahrhunderts die Wettervorhersage durch Ein- fUhrung der synoptischen Wetterkarte auf eine erfolgversprechende Grundlage gestellt wurde, sah sich die meteorologische Wissenschaft mit einer groBen Anzahl von Problemen konfrontiert, die es zu bewaltigen galt. Reute, rund hundert Jahre spater, konnen wir feststellen, daB viele der erwachsenen Aufgaben gelost werden konnten, daB aber viele noch der Losung harren. Dabei reicht das Spektrum der anstehenden Probleme von rein organisatorischen Fragen (Errichtung und MeB- Betreuung des synoptischen Beobachtungsnetzes) iiber Methoden der technik bis zu wissenschaftlich-theoretischen Untersuchungen, die als Grundlage der Wetterprognose dienen. Das vorliegende Buch befaBt sich nur mit dem letztgenannten Fragenkomplex. Der Wetterablauf wird als physikalischer ProzeB betrachtet, der sich aus einem Anfangszustand - dargestellt durch eine mit hinreichend vielen Wetterbeobach- tungen ausgestattete Wetterkarte - zu einem Endzustand entwickelt, den es mit theoretischen oder empirischen Methoden vorauszusagen gilt. Der physika- lische Endzustand ist durch die (prognostizierte) Feldverteilung verschiedener meteorologischer Elemente gegeben. Die sprachliche Formulierung der Wettervor- hersage stellt eine Interpretation solcher Vorhersagekarten dar. Bei dieser Vor- gangsweise solI ein Maximum an Objektivitat erreicht werden.

Seit zwanzig Jahren arbeiten Wissenschaftler durch Sammlung von Daten und Entwicklung komplexer Computermodelle an der Vorhersagemoeglichkeit der Klimaentwicklung. Das Buch fuhrt vor allem durch die Darstellung der Klimageschichte der Erde in verstandlicher Form in die Problematik ein. Viele Fragen, die sich mit der zukunftigen Klimaentwicklung befassen, kommen zur Sprache.

This book covers a multitude of Alpine-type working areas and processes active in collisional mountain building in the form of 16 selected very up-to-date review and research articles covering the Alps, Carpathians and Dinarides. These data were presented at the 8th workshop on Alpine Geological Studies in Davos held in October 2007. The compilations and new data are of interest to earth scientists interested in mountain building in general and those interested in processes of continental collision in particular. The book is virtually indispensable for advanced students and scientists involved in Alpine studies.