This book provides an insight into commercial relations between large economies and Small States, the benefits of regional integration, the role of Small States as financial centres as well as B2B and State to State dispute resolution involving Small States. Several contributions allow the reader to familiarise themselves with the general subject matter; others scrutinise the particular issues Small States face when confronted with an international dispute and discuss new and innovative solutions. These solutions range from inventive ideas to help economic growth to appropriate mechanisms of dispute resolution including inter-State dispute resolution and specific areas of arbitration such as tax arbitration. Researchers, policy advisors and practitioners will find a wealth of insights, information and practical ideas in this book.

What are the implications and likelihood of reform of the income tax system in the United States—specifically, the expansion and scope of the tax "expenditure" (loophole) system embedded in the income tax codes? This book details the tax system that now provides for more than 200 tax expenditures, highlighting the potential lost tax dollars. Income tax policy and politics is an inherently complex and potentially confusing topic. This book makes the tax loophole system understandable for those without in-depth knowledge about taxes. It explains what our tax system looks like, why it is set up as it is, and what effects it has on raising revenue (and thus deficits) and the furtherance of other policy goals. Additionally, it explains why, despite popular and political desires, a significant overhaul of the tax system is very unlikely to be enacted: because tax expenditures (otherwise known as loopholes) benefit all Americans in some way and are supported as policy by both political parties. Written by John F. Witte, an established expert in tax policy and policy analysis, the book provides a balanced viewpoint that discusses the implications of reform of the income tax system in the United States, demonstrates the range of individuals who are affected by various provisions, and identifies what effects loopholes have on policy goals. Readers will see how both political parties are responsible for the creation and expansion of various loopholes, understand why many of these provisions make sound policy sense, and grasp how the tax code is affected by political desires and policy goals.

Third countries are not bound by European law; however, saying that EU Member States are not bound by European law in their relations with third countries would be incorrect. The judicial developments of European tax law based on the application of fundamental freedoms by the European Court of Justice has turned relations with third countries into one of the most controversial areas of European tax law, giving rise to a significant degree of legal uncertainty. The first waves of direct tax cases decided by the ECJ on the relations with third countries have not entirely solved the main critical issues arising in such context, including the ones involving the external scope of fundamental freedoms. Consequently, the expert analysis contained in this book will be of significant interest to many international tax practitioners and academics throughout the world.
Among the vitally important areas this book addresses...
- The external scope of Article 56 EC Treaty and its impact on the relations with third countries
- The indirect impact of other fundamental freedoms on the relations with third countries
- The scope of fundamental freedoms in relations to EEA States under the EEA Agreement
- The relations with other third countries in the field of direct taxes (including, among other, EPAs countries)
- The impact of the EU agreements on the direct tax relations between Switzerland and the EU Member States
- The impact of secondary EC law on the relations with third countries in the field of direct taxes
- The scope of Article 307 EC Treaty and its application in the field of direct taxes
- The external treaty making powers of the European Union in the field ofdirect taxes.

The 1980s and 1990s were a watershed in terms of both tax and monetary policy. The 1981 Reagan tax cut ushered in supply-side economics, while the 1986 Tax Reform Act produced a substantial cut in the marginal individual income tax rate. In terms of monetary policy, the Volcker-Greenspan chairmanships of the Federal Reserve initiated fundamental changes in monetary policies that lowered inflation. Jankowski examines both tax and monetary policies to determine their effects on profits. He shows that the pretax profit rate fell in the post-World War II year, but that the post-tax profit rate remained relatively constant. However, Jankowski argues that the tax policies adopted did not produce the observed constancy in the post-tax profit rate. He further argues that the elimination of the corporate income tax would have the effect of enhancing redistributive policies. Jankowski's analysis of tax and monetary policies leads to new theories of the state and classes, and he argues that the growth of the state has restructured classes. The state, and not the workplace, has become the locus of income for the majority of individuals in modern capitalist societies. This change requires a fundamental rethinking of the nature of classes and class politics. A controversial analysis that will be vital reading for economists, political scientists, and other scholars and policymakers dealing with tax and monetary issues.

This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. This book takes a taxpayer's perspective on the relations taxation creates between people and their state. Bjoerklund Larsen proposes that in order to understand tax compliance and cheating, we have to look beyond law, psychological experiments and surveys to also include tax collectors and taxpayers' practices. The text explores the view of taxes seen as citizen's explicit economic relation to the state and implicit economic relation to all other compatriots. Bjoerklund Larsen directs our gaze onto the concept of reciprocity, which is often proposed as an explanation in tax compliance research, and explores its diverse meanings and implications ethnographically. The empirical cases are based on ethnography from two opposing tax practices in Sweden. Firstly, from a study of analysts, auditors, legal experts and managers at the Swedish Tax Agency and how they, quite successfully, strive for legitimacy in their tax collecting activities. Secondly, from fieldwork among a group of middle-aged Swedes and how they justify their purchasing work off the books - essentially tax-cheating practices. Sweden is a modern welfare society with citizens holding rational and secular values, yet trusting their government and fellow citizens. Sweden also has a high tax burden that is collected by one of its most revered governmental agencies - the Swedish Tax Agency - making it an interesting case studying tax compliance.

This book analyzes shifting international taxation strategies in pursuit of tax nomads, individuals and companies who minimize their tax obligations among multiple countries. Focusing on the efforts of the United States, the collective endeavours of the European Union and the global initiative of the OECD under G20 guidance, it investigates their attempts to understand and control the mechanisms employed by such nomads. The author directs particular attention to intellectual property, used by multinational corporations to move income from high-tax to low-tax locations. Contrary to claims that globalization hinders tax collection, Vlcek argues that state sovereignty and state power remain the defining characteristic of international taxation. The EU and OECD in turn, he concludes, are leveraging cooperation with the US to force other countries to share taxpayer information with them. This significant work will interest economists, political scientists and tax experts.

This volume describes how various types of taxes such as VATs, corporate income taxes, retail sales taxes, and excise taxes are being modified to achieve environmental goals. The author gives particular focus to situations in which taxes are imposed on imports and where rebates are granted when domestic products are exported. These taxes are evaluated with respect to exceptions to GATT and how these exceptions can be used to create powerful tax initiatives even though they might be considered "GATT-illegal". The book shows how to integrate economically effective environmental taxes and tax subsidies with the major international trade treaties. Tax initiatives can be an important tool to improve the free trade system while at the same time combating environmental depredation. Manufacturers, exporters, tax and environmental policy makers, international trade and tax attorneys, and academics working in the fields of environmental regulation, trade policy, and taxation should find this work a provocative treatise on this topic.

Although considerable information about China's tax policies on foreign investment have been made available in the West, this book is the first to provide a comprehensive treatment of China's domestic system of taxation. It offers an authoritative analysis of each type of taxation and the tax system as a whole, within the broader context of the nation's economic and fiscal structure. Written by one of the foremost authorities on the subject, it benefits from the author's access to important Chinese materials as well as personal contacts with Chinese government officials and Western lawyers and businessmen working in China.

Tracing the evolution of taxation in China from the early feudal period to the present, the author reviews the long history of various forms of taxation, some of which have been in existence for thousands of years. Jinyan Li next looks at the use of taxation as an instrument of the socialist economy in the years immediately following the Communist revolution, during the period of closed central planning, and in the recent movement toward an open market economy. Current tax policy is analyzed in six chapters, each dealing with a specific form of taxation. Throughout the book, the author explores the relationship of tax policy to other aspects of the Chinese economy, including economic planning, price and wage policies, the state budget and financial system, and government policies regarding property ownership and private enterprise. This book will be an important information source for scholars, students, and tax lawyers concerned with socialist fiscal policy and China's current economic reforms.

The overall objective of the book is to holistically assess the property tax systems in BRICS megacities. As megacities play a vital role within their respective countries - economically, administratively, and from a human development perspective - they experience the costs and benefits of urbanization simultaneously with major investment needs, rising poverty, and increasing congestion and pollution levels in the context of limited financial resources, raising the question for a suitable decentralized funding source. This book highlights the property tax as a means to help further improve the financial sustainability of megacities, the reliability and quality of their services, and megacities' contribution to supporting economic growth.

Examining the benefits achieved by deferring income or accelerating deductions, this text refers to the income tax systems of the United States and Japan. The United States has been at the forefront of recognizing the time value of money benefit of tax deferral and of devising methods to prevent tax deferral. Japan, on the other hand, is only gradually placing greater emphasis on tax deferral issues, in light of the activities of foreign companies, and the constant introduction of new financial products which take advantage of the tax deferral allowed under Japanese income tax rules. The book starts with a detailed discussion of the 1948 Cary Brown model and its various interpretations, an understanding of which is key to any analysis of tax deferral issues. The author goes on to provide a comparative analysis of the different tax deferral patterns that can arise under the United States and Japanese income tax systems, and of methods introduced by the United States to eliminate the tax deferral benefit. A history and overview of the Japanese income tax system is included in the appendix. Principles of tax deferral and time value of money are crucial in an era of globalization in commerce and finance. They cut across all areas of taxation and are particularly important in the context of taxation of derivatives and other financial instruments.

Though frequently used interchangeably, the terms tax-exempt organization and nonprofit organization do not carry the same legal definition. Nonprofit enterprises are those that do not distribute earnings in the form of dividends or distributions, so while all tax-exempt organizations are nonprofit, not all nonprofit organizations are necessarily tax-exempt. This work provides a comprehensive look at the federal Internal Revenue code governing tax-exempt status, carefully detailing the criteria specified in the code and related Treasury Regulations. Also outlined are the presribed procedures for filing for tax-exempt status.

Robert N. Sughrue and Michelle L. Kopnski present a thorough discussion of the various types of tax-exempt organizations and the characteristics unique to each. Sections 501(c), 521, 527, and 528 of the Internal Revenue Code are closely analyzed, and the organizational tests of 501(c)(3) institutions are provided. In addition, accounting systems for tax-exempt organizations, internal controls, and reporting requirements are also covered. Among the other topics addressed by Sughrue and Kopnski are unrelated business taxable income, private foundations, financial considerations in tax-exempt and other nonprofit organizations, and financial considerations and practical applications. Students and professionals in the fields of finance, investment, accounting, and law will find this work to be a useful reference tool, and academic, public, and law libraries will consider it a worthwhile addition to their collections.

This book provides a detailed assessment of current approaches to transfer pricing in the context of small- and middle-sized enterprises (SMEs), including the newest update of Transfer Pricing Guidelines from 10 July 2017. It analyzes the transfer pricing rules for SMEs across the European Union (EU) and explores two alternative approaches as suitable solutions for current transfer pricing issues. The authors evaluate and discuss alternative approaches like Safe Harbour and Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (CCCTB). Taking into account the prominent role of SMEs in the European Union's economy, the book also puts forward policy recommendations to achieve the long-term goals of the EU's 2020 agenda.

During the past decade the issue of a general welfare double dividend (an improvement in environmental quality combined with a positive welfare effect) triggered by a tax shift from labour to energy resources has been extensively debated. In this book, Kurt Kratena studies the employment effects of revenue neutral tax shifts from labour to energy, and measures the impact on theoretical and empirical models of the European labour market. A common theoretical framework is devised to analyse the impact of environmental tax reform. Various 'labour market regimes' (competitive labour markets, union wage bargaining and efficiency wages) are derived and taken as the starting point for different specifications of the labour market. The theoretical outcomes of tax shifts in these different labour market regimes are then analysed and compared. The results reveal that whereas an econometric based multi-sectoral model yields significant double dividend effects, a general equilibrium model only finds employment double dividend effects. The book also highlights the potentially positive economic consequences of environmental tax reform such as a shift in demand from energy to non-energy goods. This book provides a concise appraisal of the general double dividend question combined with an innovative analysis of the employment double dividend effect. It utilises extensive empirical evidence and reveals the sensitivity of the various theoretical concepts surrounding the debate. This book will be of interest and relevance to academics in the fields of environmental economics, labour theory and fiscal studies.

Despite the globalization of accounting standards occurring through convergence to International Financial Reporting Standards, local accounting systems are deeply intertwined with each country's unique institutions such as its corporate system, disclosure practices and enforcement mechanisms. First, this book empirically analyzes the effects of globalization and localization of accounting rules on corporate behavior such as earnings management, signaling, investment behavior and dividend payout policy. Second, the book unravels the economic consequences of disclosure based on the concept of self-disciplining enforcement such as management forecasts, environmental disclosures and risk disclosures by Japanese firms. This volume is a step forward in understanding the link between accounting and corporate behavior based on a new institutional accounting approach.

This user-friendly book aims to summarize the principal topics of Chinese Taxation and offers readers a general overview of the Chinese Taxation and informative updates on tax changes. The book provides a variety of facts, figures, graphs and data in an easy-to read table format. Firstly, the book proposes an introduction to taxation and to the Chinese tax system, secondly, it focuses on direct taxes, indirect taxes and other taxes and, in the end, it covers international taxation. Moreover, the book offers a quick overview of the Chinese M&A taxation and of the Chinese Free Trade Zones.

For multinational corporations (MNCs), there is arguably no more important operational function that affects all areas of manufacturing, marketing, management, and finance as international transfer pricing--the practicing of supplying products or services across borders from one part of the organization to another. Its complexity is compounded by the impact of e-commerce, speeding the flow of goods and services; "intangible" assets, such as intellectual property, whose value is difficult to quantify; and the activites of policymakers around the world to update their tax laws and regulations, in efforts to close loopholes that have historically encouraged tax avoidance. In Critical Concerns in Transfer Pricing Policy and Practice, Wagdy Abdallah provides an in-depth overview of these recent trends and developments, and considers their implications for the management of MNCs. In particular, he discusses methods for pricing transferred goods and services in the e-commerce era and analyzes the most recent regulation reforms in such countries as Germany, Mexico, Japan, Canada, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Netherlands. Anticipating increased scrutiny of MNC transfer pricing practices from governments and other external stakeholders, Abdallah outlines a set of practical recommendations for creating a successful transfer pricing system that maximizes value for the company while remaining sensitive to local policies in all of the countries in which it operates.

In the twentieth century the application of national taxes to income from international business has created complex yet fascinating issues. The co-ordination of national jurisdiction to tax international income has rested formally on a network of bilateral treaties, but its practical administration has relied on a community of specialists; business advisers on the one hand and national officials on the other. The rapid growth of transnational corporations has put great pressure on the international tax system, especially due to the increasing difficulty of ensuring that the internal transfer prices between related firms in different countries reflect a fair and acceptable allocation of costs and profits. Furthermore, the widespread use of intermediary companies formed in tax havens has led to complex counter-measures and a constant process of treaty renegotiation and interaction with national law. The increasingly close administrative co-operation of tax authorities has been criticized as secretive and often arbitrary. Yet proposals for a more comprehensive framework and clearer legitimizing principles and procedures have conflicted with both the vested interests of international firms and with sensitivities about national sovereignity. But major reforms are necessary, even if implemented piecemeal.

Using perspectives from law, economics and social science, this book provides a systematic introduction to the major problems of international taxation of business income. In doing so, it retrieves important policy issues that have become buried in technical intricacies of the international taxation system.

Transfer pricing is a dynamic and multidimensional topic that has captured the attention of academicians, corporate executives, and tax authorities for many decades. The issues of transfer pricing are very complex and the stakes are extremely high because more than 40 percent of international trade is trade between related entities. This book examines many important tax and management issues related to transfer pricing. These issues include new transfer pricing regulations and their implications, the selection of proper transfer pricing methods, major environmental variables, and issues concerning the administration of a transfer pricing system. The author also presents many interesting findings from a recent study on U.S. transfer pricing practices.

The author begins by describing the nature of intrafirm transactions in a corporate environment and the significance of intrafirm transactions in international trade. Recent changes and major transfer pricing legislation and regulations in the United States are explained. New transfer pricing regulations in Canada, Japan, South Korea, and the European Community and their implications are also discussed. These are followed by a presentation on research methodology and profile of 143 respondent firms. The author then explains the findings on transfer pricing methods and environmental variables of international transfer pricing. Current transfer pricing practices are compared with those of an earlier study done in 1977. Other issues such as system objectives, resolution of policy conflicts, and policies on outside purchases are covered by this monograph. General conclusions from this research and suggestions for further research are also provided.

This book brings together the work of scholars from England, France, Germany, Sweden, and the United States to examine the ways in which industrialized nations have used and are developing tax laws to help alleviate environmental problems. For each country, the contributors offer a thorough review of existing and proposed initiatives and an in-depth evaluation of their effectiveness. They also discuss the theoretical framework behind environmental tax initiatives, explain alternative systems to taxation, reveal problems in dealing with environmental concerns that are common to all of the countries studied, and suggest ways to more efficiently coordinate tax and environmental policies. Based on their research, the contributors conclude that the general tax systems of the United States and other countries unintentionally conflict with environmental policies and that no country has yet been able to adequately control automobile pollution, although some have had varying degrees of success in other areas.

The volume begins with an introduction that presents a nontechnical discussion of the current economic thinking on environmental taxes and alternatives such as direct government regulation and granting polluters limited or tradable rights to pollute. The following chapters discuss each country in turn. Each chapter first examines the institutional framework of the country--central versus regional government, how legislation is enacted and executed, the distribution of authority over environmental matters, and important environmental policy goals. Next, the compatability of the tax system with environmental goals is analyzed. Finally, there is a thorough treatment of that country's environmental tax initiatives, including an in-depth assessment of their relative success or failure. Policymakers, lobbyists, economists, and attorneys will find Taxation for Environmental Protection enlightening reading.

Through the arguments for corporate tax harmonisation in the EU and describing the current stage of this process, the legislative rules which are insufficient to solve the many problems implied by the proper functioning of the single market are revealed. The book is an excellent source of documentation for Students of Economics and other readers interested in understanding the taxation trends in the EU.