The time we have to care for one another, especially for our children and our elderly, is more precious to us than anything else in the world. Yet we have more experience accounting for money than we do for time. In this volume, leading experts in analysis of time use from across the globe explore the interface between time use and family policy. The contributors:

* show how social institutions limit the choices that individuals can make about how to divide their time between paid and unpaid work
* challenge conventional surveys that offer simplistic measures of time spent in childcare or elder care
* summarize empirical evidence concerning trends in time devoted to the care of family members
* debate ways of assigning a monetary value to this time.

This informative and enlightening book is well researched, well thought through and well written. An important read for students of feminist economics, sociology and gender studies, the contributors here argue that time is not money, in fact time is more important than money.

Since the enactment of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, it has become clear that the issues associated with welfare are now inextricably woven into the problems of low-wage work. This volume analyzes poverty and welfare reform within a context of low-wage work and the contours of the labor market that welfare recipients are entering. Given the new welfare regime of time limits and work requirements, problems of welfare cannot be separated from problems of work, politics, organizing, and other questions of social and economic policy. Although there have been many volumes on welfare reform, the unique contribution of this volume is that it brings labor into the discussion and creates a bridge between the domains of labor and welfare.

Since the late 1980s welfare policies in France and the United States have increasingly been shaped by a strong emphasis on citizens' obligations to work and be independent, and a weakening of entitlements to income maintenance. Throughout the advanced industrialized nations, welfare reforms incorporate work-oriented measures such as financial incentives, insertion contracts, training, and requirements to search for and accept jobs. The evidence in this volume suggests that while the details may vary, welfare reforms in France and the United States have more in common than is often acknowledged. "Welfare Reform" provides an in-depth analysis of the development and structure of modern welfare programs and how they function. The dynamics of welfare reform are illuminated by focusing on two programs: the Revenu Minimum d'Insertion in France and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families in the United States. Taking various analytic approaches, contributors examine the relations between poverty and work, how U.S. and French models of income support have been transformed in recent times, the relative impacts of economic growth and policy reforms on rates of welfare participation, and what happens to recipients who leave the welfare rolls. "Welfare Reform" will help researchers and policymakers gain perspective on where they are headed and how best to get there as they journey down the highway of welfare reform. Neil Gilbert is Chernin Professor of Social Welfare at the School of Social Welfare, University of California at Berkeley, and co-director of the Center for Child and Youth Policy (CCYP). His numerous publications include 25 books and over 100 articles that have appeared in "The Public Interest, Society, Commentary," and other leading academic journals. Antoine Parent is associate professor of economics at the University of Paris 8, associate researcher at MATISSE, University of Paris 1--Sorbonne, and research program manager at the Research Division of the French Ministry of Social Affairs.

Contents:
The Basic Ingredients in the Supervisory Process: The Ground Rules of Supervision. Understanding the Historical Influences of the Field on the Past and Future of supervision. Getting Started: A Basic Framework to Integrative Supervision. The Intergenerational Structure and Dynamics of the Training System. Developmental Aspects of Supervision. The Major Theoretical Resources for Supervision. The Modalities of Supervision: Live, Videotape, Audiotape, and Case Presentations. The Formats of Supervision: Individual and Group. The Cultural and contextual Issue in Supervision. Effective Practices in Supervision: Participant's Views. Managing Issues that Interfere with the Supervisory Process. Supervisory Repsonsibilities and Administrative Tools. Articulating Your Personal Model for Supervision. Integrative Supervision in Action. Bringing the First Stage of Our Journey to a Close.

This book aims to provide a wide-ranging exploration of the key contemporary relationships between social change and housing. It is both policy-oriented and theoretical and draws on a group of internationally-respected academics. It is also multidisciplinary, incorporating sociology, economics, social policy and human geography perspective. Its international perspective is rooted in its examination of issues such as economic insecurity and instability, social diversity, financial and social exclusion, sustainability, privatisation and state legitimacy, the interaction of the global and the local across three continents.

eBook available with sample pages: 0203402634

Throughout the years experts have struggled to define the term "police culture." For most this label means a reactive approach to keeping people safe by using punitive consequences to punish or detain the perpetrators. The result: More attention is given to the negative reactive side of policing than a positive proactive approach to preventing crime by cultivating an interdependent culture of residents looking out for the safety, health, and well-being of each other. We believe police officers can play a critical and integral role in achieving such a community of compassion---an Actively Caring for People (AC4P) culture. An AC4P culture can be fueled by AC4P Policing, and involves a paradigm shift regarding the role and impact of "consequences." With AC4P Policing, consequences are used to increase the quantity and improve the quality of desired behavior. Police officers are educated about the rationale behind using more positive than negative consequences to manage behavior, and then they are trained on how to deliver positive consequences in ways that help to cultivate interpersonal trust and AC4P behavior among police officers and the citizens they serve. This teaching/learning process is founded on seven research-based lessons from psychology---the science of human experience. The first three lessons reflect the critical behavior-management fundamentals of positive reinforcement, observational learning, and behavior-based feedback. The subsequent four lessons are derived from humanism, but behaviorism or ABS is essential for bringing these humanistic principles to life. The result: humanistic behaviorism to enhance long-term positive relations between police officers and the citizens they serve, thereby preventing interpersonal conflict, violence, and harm.

This book aims to provide a wide-ranging exploration of the key contemporary relationships between social change and housing. It is both policy-oriented and theoretical and draws on a group of internationally-respected academics. It is also multidisciplinary, incorporating sociology, economics, social policy and human geography perspective. Its international perspective is rooted in its examination of issues such as economic insecurity and instability, social diversity, financial and social exclusion, sustainability, privatisation and state legitimacy, the interaction of the global and the local across three continents.

Contents:
1. Introduction
2. Self-Interest and Pocket-Book Attitudes
3. The Admixture of Motives: Broadening the Perspective
4. An Analytical Framework
5. The State of Welfare
5.1. A Comparative Framework
5.2. The Welfare Legacy in Britain
5.3. The Welfare Legacy in Germany
5.4. Welfare Regimes and their Moral Economies: Some Preliminary Objectives
6. The logic of Popular Support for Welfare Schemes and their Objectives
6.1. Redistribution in our Heads: Givers and Takers
6.2. The Two Moralities of Giving Assistance to the Poor
6.3. Unemployment Provision: The Messy Contract
6.4. Old Age: Transfers from the Active to the Inactive
6.5. Health: Risk Distribution and Cost Sharing
7. The Moral Economy Revisited

The present study was undertaken for three reasons: Medicaid is a vital program-in the early 1970s it provided care for over one tenth of the American population. It is a huge program-in the same period it consumed over nine billion dollars of public funds. And Medicaid is, in many ways, the most direct involvement with the provision of medical care undertaken by either the federal government or the states. But until the publication of this book, Medicaid had not been studied in depth or in a systematic way. "Welfare Medicine in America" is the complete history of Medicaid. The authors carefully examine the program's historical antecedents, its strengths, and its weaknesses. In part one, "The Coming of Medicaid," the hows and whys of the establishment of Medicaid are discussed, as are the basic provisions of the program. In part two, "The Euphoric Demise: July 1965-January 1968," the focus is on how Medicaid is administered in the states. In part three, "The Storm: January 1968-July 1970," specific amendments to Medicaid, the costs involved, and other health programs are examined. And in part four, "Benign Neglect: July 1970-June 1973," the role of the courts in administering Medicaid, and its future, are the primary subjects. This history of Medicare, however, goes beyond the specific government program itself and offers a paradigm for inquiring into the problems of medical care in general and the nature and limitations of public medical services. "Welfare Medicine in America" is a profound analysis of Medicaid and welfare systems, and will be of great use to policymakers, students of welfare and government, and to those working within the medical profession. Robert Stevens is master of Pembroke College, Oxford, and serves as counsel to the law firm Covington & Burling, where his practice involves international commercial law and competition law. He has also taught at Yale and Tulane Universities, and has authored many articles and books, including studies of social legislation and the legal profession in the United States and the United Kingdom. Rosemary Stevens is professor emeritus of history and sociology of science at the University of Pennsyvlania. Educated at Oxford, Yale, and Manchester, she has also taught at Yale University and Tulane University. She is the author of "American Medicine and the Public Interest" and "In Sickness and in Wealth: American Hospitals in the Twentieth Century."

'Non-standard' employment is becoming more common. Fewer people are working full-time and/or have permanent employment contracts; more are working part-time, have fixed-term contracts or are self-employed. Many scholars have pointed to the negative consequences of this development, including 'precarious' forms of employment and in-work poverty. This volume provides a thorough theoretical and empirical analysis of these processes by understanding the 'destandardization' of employment in Europe and the associated modifications in socio-economic regulation both at national and EU level. The book provides country studies of the UK, Spain, Germany, Poland, Croatia, and the Nordic countries and offers comparative European analyses of part-time and fixed-term employment in relation to in-work poverty, exclusion and anomie. Emphasis is on 'best practice' in the governance of non-standard employment. Is there evidence for a new and socially inclusive European employment standard?

Housing in the European Countryside provides an overview of the housing pressures and policy challenges facing Europe, while highlighting critical differences. By drawing on contemporary research work of leading authors in the fields of housing studies, rural geography and planning, the book offers an introduction to housing issues across the European countryside for those who have hitherto been unexposed to such concerns, and who wish to gain some basic insight.
This in-depth review of housing pressure in the European countryside will reveal both the form, nature and variety of problems now being experienced in different parts of Europe, in addition to outlining policy solutions that are being provided by member states and other agencies in meeting the rural housing challenge at this time and in the years ahead.

Housing is an important determinant of health. This book provides a concise overview of the impact of housing policy and the effect of housing on health. It covers the issues of homelessness and health, collaboration between organizations in delivering housing needs, and focusses on the role of primary care teams as part of the Primary Care Trusts. It should be of interest to all members of primary care organisations, especially those concerned with health and social policy, including clinicians, nurses, psychologists, managers, statutory and voluntary housing organizations, policy makers, shapers and influencers.

Contents:
1. My Miscarriage Years 2. Caught in the Middle: Pregnancy Loss at the Turn of the Century 3. Studying Pregnancy Loss Support 4. Challenges to Narratives of Linear Progress 5. New Reproductive Technologies and the Fetal Subject 6. 'He Was a Real Baby With Baby Things': A Material Culture Analysis of Personhood, Parenthood, and Pregnancy Loss 7. 'True Gifts from God': Paradoxes of Motherhood, Sacrifice, and Enrichment 8. 'Never Such Innocence Again': Irony, Nature, and Technoscience 9. 'I Will Never Forget You': Trauma, Memory, and Moral Identity 10. A Feminist Program for Pregnancy Loss Appendix: Contact Information References Cited Index

Anthropologist Linda Layne takes a theoretically informed approach to the topic of miscarriage and stillbirth. About 20% of all pregnancies in the U.S. end in miscarriage or stillbirth, yet pregnancy loss is not a socially accepted topic of discussion. To cope, many middle-class women join pregnancy loss support groups. Layne studies these groups and the rituals they create to help would-be-parents through their loss. The book takes an historical look at pregnancy loss in America and then moves to the present, examining how current reproductive technologies (home pregnancy tests, sonograms, etc.) and the abortion debate have reworked notions of "foetal personhood." Layne rounds out her argument by calling for feminists to put pregnancy loss on their agenda to help increase awareness about this hidden but painful subject and to effect necessary changes and improvements in the current socio-medical management of pregnancy loss.

First published in 1998, this study offers a survey of the conceptual background, the political dimension, and the macroeconomic context and constraints of the social security system in Israel, which in four decades (since the mid-1950s) grew virtually from scratch into a comprehensive system, similar in scope to that of Western and Northern Europe, North America, the European outposts in the antipodes and, of course, Japan.

Explores the concept of 'house' in the context of Levi-Strauss' idea of the house as a link between kinship-based societies and class societies, developing this further into an examination of a conjuncture of architecture, people and symbolism.

Social policy is often constructed and implemented by people who have little experience of its impact as a service user, but there has been a growing interest in greater public, patient and service user involvement in social policy as both political activity and academic discipline. Social Policy First Hand is the first comprehensive international social policy text from a participatory perspective and presents a new service user-led social policy that addresses the current challenges in welfare provision. A companion volume to Peter Beresford's bestselling All our welfare, it introduces the voices of different groups of service users, starting from their lived experience. With an impressive list of contributors, this important volume fills a gap in looking at social policy using participatory and inclusive approaches and the use of experiential knowledge in its construction. It will challenge traditional state and market-led approaches to welfare.

In this monumental book sociologist Robert Castel reconstructs the history of what he calls "the social question, " or the ways in which both labor and social welfare have been organized from the Middle Ages onward to contemporary industrial society. Throughout, the author identifies two constants bearing directly on the question of who is entitled to relief and who can be excluded: the degree of embeddedness in any given community and the ability to work. Along this dual axis the author locates virtually the entire history of social welfare in early-modern and contemporary Europe.

This work is a systematic defense of the meaningfulness of the category of "the social, " written in the tradition of Foucault, Durkheim, and Marx. Castel imaginatively builds on Durkheim's insight into the essentially social basis of work and welfare. Castel populates his sociological framework with vivid characterizations of the transient lives of the "disaffiliated": those colorful itinerants whose very existence proved such a threat to the social fabric of early-modern Europe. Not surprisingly, he discovers that the cruel and punitive measures often directed against these marginal figures are deeply implicated in the techniques and institutions of power and social control.

The author also treats the flip-side side of the problem of social assistance: namely, matters of work and wage-labor. Castel brilliantly reveals how the seemingly objective line of demarcation between able-bodied beggars -- those who are capable of work but who chose not to do so -- and those who are truly disabled becomes stretched in modernity to make room for the category of the "working poor." It is the novel crisis posed bythose masses of population who are unable to maintain themselves by their labor alone that most deeply challenges modern societies and forges recognizably modern policies of social assistance.

The author's gloss on the social question also offers us valuable perspectives on contemporary debates over who should receive social assistance and whether this entitlement should be linked to the obligation to work. Castel's rich insights and brilliant generalizations are invaluable for anyone concerned with what he describes as the "new social question" of work and social welfare in contemporary society.

Contents:
1. Introduction Part I: The supply of new and renovated housing 2. Housing investment 3. House building 4. Housing rehabilitation policy Part II: Housing markets and housing tenure 5. Housing finance 6. Private rented housing 7. Local authority housing 8. Privatisation and stock transfer 9. Housing associations 10. Owner-occupation Part III: Single issues in housing policy 11. Affordability 12. Regional disparities 13. Regeneration 14. Social exclusion 15. Housing and community support 16 Housing and the elderly 17. Gender and housing 18. Black and Asian minorities and housing 19. Homelessness 20. Conclusions

Radical changes in the design of housing in post-war Japan had numerous effects on the Japanese people. Public policy toward housing provision and the effects of escalating land prices in Tokyo and a few other very large cities in the country from the mid- to late 1970s onward are examined, but it is dwellings themselves and the slow but steady shift from a floor-sitting to a chair-sitting housing culture in urban and suburban parts of the country that figure most prominently in the discussion.
Central to the book is the author's translation of an account written by Kyoko Sasaki, an observant wife and mother, about the housing she and her growing family experienced during the 1960s, and subsequent chapters explore some of the issues that flow from her account. Chief among these are the small size and generally poor quality of the private-sector housing that Japanese of fairly ordinary means could afford to occupy in the early postwar years, the new design initiatives undertaken at about that time by public-sector housing providers and the diffusion of at least some of their initiatives to the housing sector as a whole, and the adjustments that the occupants of housing had to, or chose to, make as the dwellings available to them as renters or as owners changed in character. Attention is also paid to the structural requirements of dwellings and attitudes toward dwellings of diverse types in a country prone to earthquakes.

The problem of how, where, and on what terms to house the urban masses in an industrial society remains unresolved to this day. In nineteenth-century Victorian England, overcrowding was the most obvious characteristic of urban housing and, despite constant agitation, it remained widespread and persistent in London and other great cities such as Manchester, Glasgow, and Liverpool well into the twentieth century.

"The Eternal Slum" is the first full-length examination of working-class housing issues in a British town. The city investigated not only provided the context for the development of a national policy but also, in scale and variety of response, stood in the vanguard of housing reform. The failure of traditional methods of social amelioration in mid-century, the mounting storm of public protest, the efforts of individual philanthropists, and then the gradual formulation and application of new remedies, constituted a major theme: the need for municipal enterprise and state intervention. Meanwhile, the concept of overcrowding, never precisely defined in law but based on middle-class notions of decency and privacy, slowly gave way to the positive idea of adequate living space, with comfort, as much as health or morals, the criterion.

Not just dwellings but people were at issue. There is little evidence in this period of the attitude of the worker himself to his housing. Wohl has extensively researched local archives and, in particular, drawn on the vestry reports which have been relatively neglected. Profusely illustrated with contemporary photographs and drawings, this book is the definitive study of the housing reform movement in Victorian and Edwardian London and suggests what it was really like to live under such appalling conditions. This important study will be of interest to social historians, British historians, urban planners, and those interested in how social policies developed in previous eras.

This innovative book analyzes the changes that financial globalization is bringing about in the housing and home-finance markets of the United States, Japan, and South Korea, with special attention to the circumstances of women in obtaining housing, credit, and personal security. The book's focus on changes in the residential and housing finance markets serves as a window for an integrated examination of how the liberalization of national financial markets has affected the relationship among all players in each of the three economies - government, markets, and individual citizens. Through this examination Housing Finance Futures develops a new critical response to economic globalization based on a groundbreaking concept, the social efficiency of policy and market shifts.

In recent years, in both the specialist press and the tabloids, the idea of privatization of social security has become a shimmering catch phrase. Politicians base election campaigns on promises of more or less privatization in social security. Many governments introduce private business management methods into their social security systems. Representatives of social security institutions and academics prepare theory papers on the possible outcomes of privatization. And international financial organizations describe doomsday scenarios based on the premise of failure to privatize.

What is the role of privatization today in the development of national social security systems? How does privatization concern the developments in different social security programs such as old age, sickness, unemployment, accident insurance and family allowances? What are the visions and effects of privatization in social security?

This volume provides an overview of the various positions of supporters and opponents of privatization in the main branches of social security, followed by national experience of privatized or part-privatized social security systems. While the perspective of each of the contributors is markedly different, the overall objective cuts across differences: namely, to develop the most efficient and cost-effective system of social security protection.

The authors' views and knowledge are derived from their firsthand experiences with social security in Africa, Asia, the Americas and Europe. Representatives of the leading international organizations dealing with social security issues-the International Labour Organization, the OECD, the World Bank and the World Health Organization-further expand the parameters of the viewpoints and experiences expressed.

This multifaceted book allows the reader to learn about the challenge of privatization in the various forms of social security by assembling a set of highly up-to-date, technically complex and legal issues based on practical analysis and actual experience. It will be of interest to those concerned with national social policy in a comparative context. This is the sixth volume in an ongoing series that aims to review social security in a comparative, global context. Xenia Scheil-Adlung is program manager, International Social Security Association, Geneva, Switzerland.

What is welfare racism? It is the images that politicians evoke when they speak of "welfare queens" or "deadbeat dads." It is the disproportionate representation of people of color who are in the US poverty population. It is the view that welfare is a black problem.
In Welfare Racism, sociologists Neubeck and Cazenave analyze the impact of racism on U.S. welfare policy. For decades, they argue, Americans have been bombarded with racist comments and stereotypes about those who receive welfare, allowing politicians to exploit racial cliches for their own political gains. Even liberal politicians have now joined in playing the "race card" by supporting the ill-conceived welfare reforms of 1996 which abolished Air to Families with Dependent Children. Such recent reforms are anti-welfare not anti-poverty.
In a hard-hitting and eloquently written investigation of historical and current attitudes toward welfare, Welfare Racism shows how racist motives, policies, and administrative policies have long undermined public assistance programs. Challenging the current contention that racism is of decreasing importance in our society, Neubeck and Cazenave warn that avoidance of the race issue will lead to unprecedented racial conflict in the 21st century.
A powerful expose of a deeply-rooted but woefully ignored form of racial blindness, Welfare Racism is an important first step toward more humane and rational policies for the men, women, and children who have been ravaged by the current system.
Kenneth J. Neubeck and Noel A. Cazenave have written extensively on poverty and social problems in the U.S. Neubeck is the author of Social Problems:A Critical Approach, and Cazenave is an expert on the War on Poverty of the 1960s. They are both Associate Professors of Sociology at the University of Connecticut.