The Great War ate men, machines, and money without mercy or
remission. At the end of 1915, the German army chief of staff,
Erich von Falkenhayn, believed he knew how to finally kill the
beast and win the war. On Christmas day, 1915, Falkenhayn sent a
letter to Kaiser Wilhelm II proposing a campaign to demoralize
Britain, whose industrial might and maritime power were the
foundation of the alliance against Germany, while also knocking
France out of the war. He wrote that the "strain on France has
reached breaking point .... If we succeed in opening the eyes of
her people to the fact that in a military sense they have nothing
more to hope for, that breaking point would be reached and
England's best sword knocked out of her hand." His plan was to
attack a single point the French perceived as so vital that they
would be compelled "to throw in every man they have." Falkenhayn
concluded: "If they do so, the forces of France will bleed to
death" or, as he put it later, the "French army would be bled
white." Falkenhayn's target of choice was Verdun, a place that,
throughout virtually all of the history of Europe, had been a
fortress. Located within a loop of the Meuse River, it occupied a
strategic blocking position in the Meuse River valley. As recently
as the Franco-Prussian War of 1871, Verdun had been the last of the
French fortified cities to hold out against the German onslaught.
After that war, it had been vastly augmented, so that it was now a
circle of detached forts surrounding a central citadel. The town of
Verdun itself, also fortified, was likewise encircled by forts
distributed in a five-mile radius. The combined massive complex
guarded not only passage through the river valley region, but also
dominated a key railroad junction leading to points south,
southwest, west, and north in France. Along with the related, but
separate, Battle of the Somme, Verdun was among the most deadly
battles in history. To understand this struggle is to understand
all of World War I, including the principal stated motive of
Woodrow Wilson for bringing the United States into the "European
War" in April 1917. For him, Verdun proved both France's
determination to win at all costs and the likelihood that, without
help, it would be defeated nevertheless. The unparalleled barbarity
of Verdun, a product of the Old World, convinced the American
president that only the principal nation of the New World could
finally alter the grim course of human destiny. While many, both in
1916 and in the decades that followed, saw Verdun as a bloody
monument to the inescapable futility of war, Wilson saw in it a
hope for fighting what he would call a "war to end all wars."
General
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