The first Christians operated with a hierarchical model of
sexual difference common to the ancient Mediterranean, with women
considered to be lesser versions of men. Yet sexual difference was
not completely stable as a conceptual category across the spectrum
of formative Christian thinking. Rather, early Christians found
ways to exercise theological creativity and to think differently
from one another as they probed the enigma of sexually
differentiated bodies.In "Specters of Paul," Benjamin H. Dunning
explores this variety in second- and third-century Christian
thought with particular attention to the ways the legacy of the
apostle Paul fueled, shaped, and also constrained approaches to the
issue. Paul articulates his vision of what it means to be human
primarily by situating human beings between two poles: creation
(Adam) and resurrection (Christ). But within this framework, where
does one place the figure of Eve--and the difference that her
female body represents?Dunning demonstrates that this dilemma
impacted a range of Christian thinkers in the centuries immediately
following the apostle, including Clement of Alexandria, Irenaeus of
Lyons, Tertullian of Carthage, and authors from the Nag Hammadi
corpus. While each of these thinkers attempts to give the
difference of the feminine a coherent place within a Pauline
typological framework, Dunning shows that they all fail to deliver
fully on the coherence that they promise. Instead, sexual
difference haunts the Pauline discourse of identity and sameness as
the difference that can be neither fully assimilated nor fully
ejected--a conclusion with important implications not only for
early Christian history but also for feminist and queer philosophy
and theology.
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