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The Papers of Clarence Mitchell Jr., Volume V - The Struggle to Pass the 1957 Civil Rights Act, 1955-1958 (Hardcover)
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The Papers of Clarence Mitchell Jr., Volume V - The Struggle to Pass the 1957 Civil Rights Act, 1955-1958 (Hardcover)
Series: The Papers of Clarence Mitchell Jr.
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Volume V of The Papers of Clarence Mitchell Jr. records the
successful effort to pass the 1957 Civil Rights Act: the first
federal civil rights legislation since 1875. Prior to the US
Supreme Court's landmark 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of
Education, the NAACP had faced an impenetrable wall of opposition
from southerners in Congress. Basing their assertions on the
court's 1896 "separate but equal" decision in Plessy v. Ferguson,
legislators from the South maintained that their Jim Crow system
was nondiscriminatory and thus constitutional. In their view,
further civil rights laws were unnecessary. In ruling that legally
mandated segregation of public schools was unconstitutional, the
Brown decision demolished the southerners' argument. Mitchell then
launched the decisive stage of the struggle to pass modern civil
rights laws. The passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 was the
first comprehensive lobbying campaign by an organization dedicated
to that purpose since Reconstruction. Coming on the heels of the
Brown decision, the 1957 law was a turning point in the struggle to
accord Black citizens full equality under the Constitution. The
act's passage, however, was nearly derailed in the Senate by
southern opposition and Senator Strom Thurmond's record-setting
filibuster, which lasted more than twenty-four hours. Congress
later weakened several provisions of the act but--crucially--it
broke a psychological barrier to the legislative enactment of such
measures. The Papers of Clarence Mitchell Jr. is a detailed record
of the NAACP leader's success in bringing the legislative branch
together with the judicial and executive branches to provide civil
rights protections during the twentieth century.
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