After Southeast Asia, analysts and force planners came to the
realization that there was a fundamental difference between search
and rescue (SAR) in a permissive area and in an area that was not
permissive (i.e., under enemy control). This second condition is
now called combat search and rescue or CSAR. At the time of Desert
Storm, the two forms of rescue were defined thusly: Search and
Rescue (SAR): Use of aircraft, surface craft, submarines,
personnel, and equipment to locate and recover personnel in
distress on land or at sea. Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR): A
specialized SAR task performed by rescue-capable forces to effect
recovery of distressed personnel from hostile territory during
contingency operations or wartime.2 The development of this rescue
capability has been well established. Dr. Robert Futrell documented
our efforts in Korea in The United States Air Force in Korea,
1950-1953. His work was followed by Dr. Earl Tilford's Search and
Rescue in South east Asia, which eloquently chronicled the heroic
efforts of the rescue crews in that conflict who brought back
literally thousands of airmen. It extensively documented what is
now considered the "golden age" of rescue. This work is meant to
follow in those traditions and will focus on our CSAR efforts in
the Persian Gulf War of 1991, or more specifically, the period of
Operation Desert Storm, 17 January to 28 February 1991. Overall,
CSAR in Desert Storm appears to have been a mixed bag. Because of
advances in precision weaponry, Global Positioning System (GPS)
technology, countermeasures, and training, relatively few coalition
aircraft were shot down. Forty-three coalition aircraft were lost
in combat, most over high-threat areas. Eighty-seven coalition
airmen, soldiers, sailors, and marines were isolated in enemy or
neutral territory. Of that total, 48 were killed, one is still
listed as missing, 24 were immediately captured, and 14 were
exposed in enemy territory. Of those who survived, most landed in
areas controlled by enemy troops. Of the few actually rescueable,
six were not rescued for a variety of reasons, but primarily
because of limitations in CENTAF's ability to locate them
accurately and in a timely manner.
General
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