Natural philosophy encompassed all natural phenomena of the
physical world. It sought to discover the physical causes of all
natural effects and was little concerned with mathematics. By
contrast, the exact mathematical sciences were narrowly confined to
various computations that did not involve physical causes,
functioning totally independently of natural philosophy. Although
this began slowly to change in the late Middle Ages, a much more
thoroughgoing union of natural philosophy and mathematics occurred
in the seventeenth century and thereby made the Scientific
Revolution possible. The title of Isaac Newton's great work, The
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, perfectly reflects
the new relationship. Natural philosophy became the 'Great Mother
of the Sciences', which by the nineteenth century had nourished the
manifold chemical, physical, and biological sciences to maturity,
thus enabling them to leave the 'Great Mother' and emerge as the
multiplicity of independent sciences we know today.
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