By the 1930s fascist dictator Benito Mussolini reached the
conclusion that Italy faced a clear choice: expand its power at the
expense of the British and French Empires or face stagnation and
decline. He believed that the regimes in the democratic West would
not be able to contain their inherent hostility toward fascist
dynamism, while their demographic and political weaknesses provided
the opportunity for the younger, demographically virile fascist
Italy to carve a new empire in the Mediterranean status quo.
Through his intervention in the Spanish Civil War and his attempts
to challenge French Power in Europe and British imperial domination
of the Middle East and East Africa, Mussolini sought to decisively
change Italy's long-standing position as the least of the Great
Powers. Although the Pact of Steel did not always function
smoothly, Mussolini remained loyal to its principles, eventually
throwing Italy into the Second World War, where he would belatedly
discover that his regime had signally failed to prepare his legions
for fighting in a modern war.
General
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