The concept of immunologic responses against tumors is currently
under intense scrutiny throughout the world. The evidence for the
existence of tumor-specific transplantation antigens (TSTA) and
specific immune reactions to them in experimental animals is
overwhelming. The available data concerning human tumors are
controversial. The reason for this is partially that antigens
detectable on human tumors by in vitro assays have not been
biologically characterized. In other words, we do not know if the
antigens on human tumors are acting as the targets for
immunologically mediated rejection processes in vivo. It was the
purpose of this workshop to bring experimental tumor immunologists
and clinical oncologists together in order to disclose facts and
limits in tumor immunology. Clinicians were to learn how shaky the
ground becomes once the experimentalist looks beyond the edge of
the mouse cage. Tumor biologists heard the clinicians' urgent cry
for controlled randomized trials of immunotherapy which thus
reflects clearly that immunotherapy in its present form without
knowledge of dose-effect-relationship does not work. Nobody would
deny that the problem of human cancer smells of immunology, but
since we are just about to taste it the essential ingredient might
be different. In other words one might look at present rather at
immunological epiphenomena than at mechanisms of tumor immul1lty
operating in vivo. This problem was among others a central issue of
this workshop.
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