Helen Graham explores the origins, nature, and long-term
consequences of the exterminatory civil war in Spain, charting the
resonant forms of political, social, and cultural resistance to it
and the memory and legacy these have left behind in Europe and
beyond. Not least is the growing sense of the enormity of what, in
greater European terms, the Republican war effort resisted: Nazi
adventurism and the continent-wide wars of ethnic and political OC
purificationOCO it unleashed. In Spain today the civil war remains
OC the past that will not pass away.OCO The long shadow of the
Second World War is now also bringing back center frame its most
disquieting aspects, revealing to a broader public the stark truth
already known by specialist historiansOCothat in Spain, as in the
many other internecine wars soon to convulse Europe, war was waged
predominantly upon civiliansOComillions were killed not by invaders
and strangers, but by their own compatriots, including their own
neighbors. Across the continent, HitlerOCOs war of territorial
expansion after 1938 detonated myriad OC irregular wars, of culture
as well as of politics, which took on a OC cleansingOCO
intransigence as those driving them sought to make OC
homogeneousOCO communities, whether ethnic, political, or
religious. So much of this was prefigured with primal intensity in
Spain in 1936, where, on 17OCo18 July, a group of army officers
rebelled against the socially reforming Republic. Saved from almost
certain failure by Nazi and Fascist military intervention, and by a
British inaction amounting to complicity, these army rebels
unleashed a conflict in which civilians became the targets of mass
killing. The new military authorities authorized and presided over
an extermination of those sectors associated with Republican
changeOCoespecially those who symbolized cultural change and thus
posed a threat to old ways of being and thinking: progressive
teachers, self-educated workers, OC newOCO women. In the Republican
zone, resistance to the coup also led to the murder of civilians.
This extrajudicial and communal killing in both zones fundamentally
made new political and cultural meanings that changed SpainOCOs
political landscape forever.
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