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Port & Maritime Security (Paperback)
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Port & Maritime Security (Paperback)
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The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 heightened awareness
about the vulnerability to terrorist attack of all modes of
transportation. Port security has emerged as a significant part of
the overall debate on US homeland security. The overarching issues
for Congress are providing oversight on current port security
programs and making or responding to proposals to improve port
security. The US maritime system consists of more than 300 sea and
river ports with more than 3,700 cargo and passenger terminals.
However, a large fraction of maritime cargo is concentrated at a
few major ports. Most ships calling at US ports are foreign owned
with foreign crews. Container ships have been the focus of much of
the attention on seaport security because they are seen as
vulnerable to terrorist infiltration. More than 9 million marine
containers enter US ports each year. While the Bureau of Customs
and Border Protection (CBP) analyses cargo and other information to
target specific shipments for closer inspection, it physically
inspects only a small fraction of the containers. The Coast Guard
and CBP are the federal agencies with the strongest presence in
seaports. In response to September 11, 2001, the Coast Guard
created the largest port-security operation since World War II. The
Coast Guard has advanced its 24- hour Notice of Arrival (NOA) for
ships to a 96-hour NOA. The NOA allows Coast Guard officials to
select high risk ships for boarding upon their arrival at the
entrance to a harbor. CBP has also advanced the timing of cargo
information it receives from ocean carriers. Through the Container
Security Initiative (CSI) program, CBP inspectors pre-screen
U.S.-bound marine containers at foreign ports of loading. The
Customs Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT) offers
importers expedited processing of their cargo if they comply with
CBP measures for securing their entire supply chain. To raise port
security standards, Congress passed the Maritime Transportation
Security Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-295) in November 2002. The focus of
debate in Congress has been about whether current efforts to
improve port security are adequate in addressing the threat. While
many agree that Coast Guard and CBP programs to address the threat
are sound, they contend that these programs represent only a
framework for building a maritime security regime, and that
significant gaps in security still remain.
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