At extremely low temperatures, clouds of bosonic atoms form what
is known as a Bose-Einstein condensate. Recently, it has become
clear that many different types of condensates -- so called
fragmented condensates -- exist. In order to tell whether
fragmentation occurs or not, it is necessary to solve the full
many-body Schrodinger equation, a task that remained elusive for
experimentally relevant conditions for many years. In this thesis
the first numerically exact solutions of the time-dependent
many-body Schrodinger equation for a bosonic Josephson junction are
provided and compared to the approximate Gross-Pitaevskii and
Bose-Hubbard theories. It is thereby shown that the dynamics of
Bose-Einstein condensates is far more intricate than one would
anticipate based on these approximations. A special conceptual
innovation in this thesis are optimal lattice models. It is shown
how all quantum lattice models of condensed matter physics that are
based on Wannier functions, e.g. the Bose/Fermi Hubbard model, can
be optimized variationally. This leads to exciting new
physics."
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