Whenever a wave encounters an obstacle a number of processes occur.
For large objects we envisage reflection and transmission with
refraction and, in .many cases, absorption. These phenomena can be
described with the aid of ray tracing or geometrical optics, but
they do not completely describe the interaction. Diffraction also
occurs, and this can only be described by the properties of waves,
wave optics. When the object is less than or of the order of the
wavelength these processes cannot be so simply understood. The
whole interaction is governed by wave optics, and the interactions
are lumped together under the heading 'scattering'. Associated with
the above there may be changes in frequency of the wave. This may
arise due to the Doppler effect if the obstacle is moving or
changing in time in any way. Also there can be changes in the
energy of the object which must be matched by the wave, such as,
for example, in the Raman effect."
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