For centuries, the Feast of Fools has been condemned and
occasionally celebrated as a disorderly, even transgressive
Christian festival, in which reveling clergy elected a burlesque
Lord of Misrule, presided over the divine office wearing animal
masks or women's clothes, sang obscene songs, swung censers that
gave off foul-smelling smoke, played dice at the altar, and
otherwise parodied the liturgy of the church. Afterward, they would
take to the streets, howling, issuing mock indulgences, hurling
manure at bystanders, and staging scurrilous plays. The problem
with this popular account intriguing as it may be is that it is
wrong.
In Sacred Folly, Max Harris rewrites the history of the Feast of
Fools, showing that it developed in the late twelfth and early
thirteenth centuries as an elaborate and orderly liturgy for the
day of the Circumcision (1 January) serving as a dignified
alternative to rowdy secular New Year festivities. The intent of
the feast was not mockery but thanksgiving for the incarnation of
Christ. Prescribed role reversals, in which the lower clergy
presided over divine office, recalled Mary's joyous affirmation
that God "has put down the mighty from their seat and exalted the
humble." The "fools" represented those chosen by God for their
lowly status.
The feast, never widespread, was largely confined to cathedrals
and collegiate churches in northern France. In the fifteenth
century, high-ranking clergy who relied on rumor rather than
firsthand knowledge attacked and eventually suppressed the feast.
Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century historians repeatedly misread
records of the feast; their erroneous accounts formed a shaky
foundation for subsequent understanding of the medieval ritual. By
returning to the primary documents, Harris reconstructs a Feast of
Fools that is all the more remarkable for being sanctified rather
than sacrilegious."
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