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Natural Gas Hydrate - Arctic Ocean Deepwater Resource Potential (Paperback, 2013 ed.)
Loot Price: R2,317
Discovery Miles 23 170
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Natural Gas Hydrate - Arctic Ocean Deepwater Resource Potential (Paperback, 2013 ed.)
Series: SpringerBriefs in Energy
Expected to ship within 10 - 15 working days
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The book is an up-to-date basic reference for natural gas hydrate
(NGH) in the Arctic Ocean. Geographical, geological, environmental,
energy, new technology, and regulatory matters are discussed. The
book should be of interest to general readers and scientists and
students as well as industry and government agencies concerned with
energy and ocean management. NGH is a solid crystalline material
that compresses gas by about a factor of about 164 during
crystallization from natural gas (mainly methane) - rich pore
waters over time. NGH displaces water and may form large
concentrations in sediment pore space. Its formation introduces
changes in the geotechnical character of host sediment that allows
it to be distinguished by seismic and electric exploration methods.
The chemical reaction that forms NGH from gas and water molecules
is highly reversible, which allows controlled conversion of the NGH
to its constituent gas and water. This can be achieved rapidly by
one of a number of processes including heating, depressurization,
inhibitor injection, dissolution, and molecular replacement. The
produced gas has the potential to make NGH a valuable
unconventional natural gas resource, and perhaps the largest on
earth. Estimates for NGH distribution, concentration, economic
targets, and volumes in the Arctic Ocean have been carried out by
restricting the economic target to deepwater turbidite sands, which
are also sediment hosts for more deeply buried conventional
hydrocarbon deposits. Resource base estimates are based on NGH
petroleum system analysis approach using industry-standard
parameters along with analogs from three relatively well known
examples (Nankai-Japan, Gulf of Mexico-United States, and Arctic
permafrost hydrate). Drilling data has substantiated new
geotechnical-level seismic analysis techniques for estimating not
just the presence of NGH but prospect volumes. In addition to a
volumetric estimate for NGH having economic potential, a
sedimentary depositional model is proposed to aid exploration in
the five different regions around the deep central Arctic Ocean
basin. Related topics are also discussed. Transport and logistics
for NGH may also be applicable for stranded conventional gas and
oil deposits. Arising from a discussion of new technology and
methodologies that could be applied to developing NGH, suggestions
are made for the lowering of exploration and capital expenses that
could make NGH competitive on a produced cost basis. The basis for
the extraordinarily low environmental risk for exploration and
production of NGH is discussed, especially with respect to the
environmentally fragile Arctic region. It is suggested that because
of the low environmental risk, special regulations could be written
that would provide a framework for very low cost and safe
development.
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