From 1984 to 1991, Israel conducted a series of dramatic
rescues, bringing thousands of Ethiopian Jews to the state of
Israel. Codenamed "Operation Sheba," this effort involved various
covert means, including large-scale airlifts and exchanges for
arms, to save these Jews from intolerable conditions in Ethiopia
and the Sudan. But as dramatic and uplifting as this effort was,
there are still troubling questions about why it took so many years
for Israel to act on behalf its African compatriots. This is the
complete story behind the Israeli rescue of the Jews of
Ethiopia--how tragedy was turned into triumph.
These rescue operations represented the culmination of complex
political maneuvering in Israel and illustrated what Israeli
resolve can accomplish when Jewish lives are endangered. It was an
inspiring effort--as William Safire wrote at the time, thousands of
black people are being brought to a country not as slaves, but as
citizens. On the other hand, there is much to deplore how long it
took for the leaders of Israel to recognize and take action to save
this ancient African branch of the Jewish Diaspora, known as the
Falasha. The reasons are the result of the complex intersection of
Israeli geostrategy, pressure from the American Jewish community,
and Ethiopian domestic politics, as well as racism and debates
about the Jewishness of the Falasha community.
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