In the first hundred years of the history of immunology, the
question of species and specificity were the core problems of
research and practice in immunology. The old botanical dispute
about the nature of species, which has its roots in the classical
Western thought of Aristotle, reappeared in the late nineteenth
century in the disputes of bacteriologists, to be followed by their
students, the immunologists, immunochemists, and blood group
geneticists. In the course of this controversy, Mazumdar argues,
five generations of scientific protagonists make themselves
aggressively plain. Their science is designed only in part to wrest
an answer from nature: it is at least as important to wring an
admission of defeat from their opponents. One of those on the
losing side of the debate was the Austrian immunochemist Karl
Landsteiner, whose unitarian views were excluded from the state
health and medical institutions of Europe, where specificity and
pluralism, the legacies of Robert Koch and Paul Ehrlich, were
entrenched.
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