Classification is the essential first step in science. The study of
science, as well as the practice of science, will thus benefit from
a detailed classification of different types of science.
In this book, science - defined broadly to include the social
sciences and humanities - is first unpacked into its constituent
elements: the phenomena studied, the data used, the theories
employed, the methods applied, and the practices of scientists.
These five elements are then classified in turn. Notably, the
classifications of both theory types and methods allow the key
strengths and weaknesses of different theories and methods to be
readily discerned and compared. Connections across classifications
are explored: should certain theories or phenomena be investigated
only with certain methods? What is the proper function and form of
scientific paradigms? Are certain common errors and biases in
scientific practice associated with particular phenomena, data,
theories, or methods? The classifications point to several ways of
improving both specialized and interdisciplinary research and
teaching, and especially of enhancing communication across
communities of scholars. The classifications also support a
superior system of document classification that would allow
searches by theory and method used as well as causal links
investigated.
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