Roy Ellen's The Nuaulu World of Plants is the culmination of anthropological fieldwork on the eastern Indonesian island of Seram, and of comparative enquiries into the bases of human classificatory activity through the study of ethnobiological knowledge over a fifty year period. This rich account of the ways plants feature in the worldview and lifeways of the Nuaulu, recognizes that plant knowledge is embedded in plural local and historical contexts: in swiddens, garden crops, managed fallow, village spaces and pathways; in the trees, and the ecological, conceptual and experiential relationships to forest; in plants' roles as healing agents, raw materials, fuels and in ritual; and in historical flux, with the introduction of exotic plants and the impact of colonial and post-colonial ways of seeing the plant world. Ellen's contemporary examination of Nuaulu classificatory practices, in the light of comparable observations made by the seventeenth-century Dutch naturalist Rumphius, allows us to better see how scientific taxonomy emerges from folk knowledge. The comprehensive study of local plant classification based on robust datasets and long-term fieldwork presented here is a rare achievement, and comprises an outstanding resource for regional ethnology. But this book offers a further dimension, evaluating the theoretical consensus on the relationship between so-called 'natural' classifications and utilitarian schemes, and thereby highlights, and addresses, some of the problems of Berlin and Atran's highly influential framework for studying folk knowledge systems. It emphasizes the difficulties of simple claims for universality versus relativity, cultural models versus individual contextual schemata, and of two-dimensional taxonomies. Ellen persuasively argues that classification is a dynamic and living process of cultural cognition that links knowledge to practice, and is not easily reducible to graphical representations or abstract generalizations. Moreover, he draws attention to recent radical approaches to ontology and epistemology, specifically those focusing upon 'convergence metaphysics', arguing these present new challenges for the field. 'This book will undoubtedly become a landmark study in the field of ethnobotany. It represents anthropology at its best ... Roy Ellen has an outstanding reputation and is recognised globally as a leading ethnoscientist, and this rich volume further confirms his status.' Paul Sillitoe FBA, Professor of Anthropology, Durham University This will be a must read for students interested in conducting ethnobiological fieldwork and, more broadly, comparative analysis of cognition... Nuggets of gold come in every chapter. Thomas Thorton, Associate Professor & Senior Associate Research Fellow, University of Oxford

Preface. 1. The Need for Good Nomenclature; E.W. Godly. 2. From Hydrogen to Meitnerium: Naming the Chemical Elements; P.E. Childs. 3. Chemical Abstracts Service Chemical Substance Index Nomenclature; D.W. Weisgerber. 4. IUPAC Nomenclature Part 1, Organic; K.J. Thurlow. 5. IUPAC Nomenclature Part 2, Organic, Inorganic and Others; K.J. Thurlow. 6. Nomenclature for Polymer Chemistry; A.D. Jenkins. 7. Natural Products; J. Buckingham. 8. Trivial Nomenclature: the INN and ISO Systems; R.B. Trigg. 9. Computer-Generated Chemical Nomenclature; S.B. Walker. Index.

Classification is the essential first step in science. The study of science, as well as the practice of science, will thus benefit from a detailed classification of different types of science.

In this book, science - defined broadly to include the social sciences and humanities - is first unpacked into its constituent elements: the phenomena studied, the data used, the theories employed, the methods applied, and the practices of scientists. These five elements are then classified in turn. Notably, the classifications of both theory types and methods allow the key strengths and weaknesses of different theories and methods to be readily discerned and compared. Connections across classifications are explored: should certain theories or phenomena be investigated only with certain methods? What is the proper function and form of scientific paradigms? Are certain common errors and biases in scientific practice associated with particular phenomena, data, theories, or methods? The classifications point to several ways of improving both specialized and interdisciplinary research and teaching, and especially of enhancing communication across communities of scholars. The classifications also support a superior system of document classification that would allow searches by theory and method used as well as causal links investigated.

Mankind has a fascination with measurement. Down the centuries we have produced a plethora of incompatible and duplicatory systems for measuring everything from the width of an Egyptian pyramid to the concentration of radioactivity near a nuclear reactor and the value of the fine structure constant. With the introduction first of the metric system and of its successor the Système International d'Unités (SI), the scientific community has established a standard method of measurement based on only seven core units. The Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures converts the huge variety of units from all over the world in every period of recorded history into units of the SI. Featuring: - An A - Z of conversion tables for over 10,000 units of measurements. - Tables of the fundamental constants of nature with their units. - Listings of professional societies, and national standardization bodies for easy reference. - An extensive bibliography detailing further reading on the multifarious aspects of measurement and its units. This huge work is simply a "must have" for any reference library frequented by scientists of any discipline or by those with historical interests in units of measurement such as archaeologists.

This volume contains a complete systematic treatment of the flowering plant order Asterales. This comprises 12 families with approx. 1,720 genera and about 26,300 species. Identification keys are provided for all genera, and likely phylogenetic relationships are discussed extensively. The wealth of information contained in this volume makes it an indispensable source for all working in the fields of pure and applied plant sciences.

This Encyclopedia together with the complementary Yearbooks from 2000 to 2006 now comprises over 1 million entries. The comprehensive register contains acronyms from the most variegated subject domains and areas of life. It not only contains official current abbreviations, but also takes account of forms used in everyday language and obsolete forms. Each of the volumes contained in "Series C" contains approx. 65,000 entries on policy and research from the fields of military, peace and security policy.

A scientific discovery of witches in fiction-Chilled Adventures of Sabrina, Sleeping Beauty, Wicked and so many more! Kelly Florence and Meg Hafdahl, authors of The Science of Women in Horror and co-hosts of the Horror Rewind podcast called "the best horror film podcast out there" by Film Daddy, present a guide to the history of witchcraft through the stories and characters we all know and love. Reveal the spellbinding science behind the legends and lore surrounding fiction's most iconic witches, answering such questions as: What is the science behind divination and spellcraft? When did witchcraft begin to show up in literature and media? Has science made it possible to uncover the truth behind the powers of necromancy and employing familiars? How has witchcraft been thought of throughout the world? Through interviews, film and literary analysis, and bone-chilling discoveries, join Kelly and Meg as they learn about the complicated and rich science of witchcraft throughout the centuries and discover why now is the season of the witch!

This Encyclopedia together with the complementary Yearbooks from 2000 to 2006 now comprises over 1 million entries. The comprehensive register contains acronyms from the most variegated subject domains and areas of life. It not only contains official current abbreviations, but also takes account of forms used in everyday language and obsolete forms. Each of the volumes contained in "Series C" contains approx. 65,000 entries on policy and research from the fields of military, peace and security policy.

Writing and the sciences are intricately linked. Without writing, science would not exist - and could not be funded, communicated, replicated, enhanced, or applied. Further, writing helps scientists (and students) understand the science, explain the results of research in a greater context, and develop new ideas. Working from this philosophy, this book primarily addresses undergraduate STEM majors and minors who want or need to improve their scientific writing skills. Grounded in the basics of rhetorical research and scientific writing practices and guided by the authors' experiences in the classroom, this book makes the case that writing is an essential component of science regardless of the stage of the scientific process, and that it is in fact a component of thinking about science itself. Featuring student-centered stories that place each topic in context and suggestions for practice, Hanganu-Bresch and Flaherty arm STEM students with the skills to enhance critical thinking and cultivate good writing habits.

This edited volume of 13 new essays aims to turn past discussions of natural kinds on their head. Instead of presenting a metaphysical view of kinds based largely on an unempirical vantage point, it pursues questions of kindedness which take the use of kinds and activities of kinding in practice as significant in the articulation of them as kinds. The book brings philosophical study of current and historical episodes and case studies from various scientific disciplines to bear on natural kinds as traditionally conceived of within metaphysics. Focusing on these practices reveals the different knowledge-producing activities of kinding and processes involved in natural kind use, generation, and discovery. Specialists in their field, the esteemed group of contributors use diverse empirically responsive approaches to explore the nature of kindhood. This groundbreaking volume presents detailed case studies that exemplify kinding in use. Newly written for this volume, each chapter engages with the activities of kinding across a variety of disciplines. Chapter topics include the nature of kinds, kindhood, kinding, and kind-making in linguistics, chemical classification, neuroscience, gene and protein classification, colour theory in applied mathematics, homology in comparative biology, sex and gender identity theory, memory research, race, extended cognition, symbolic algebra, cartography, and geographic information science. The volume seeks to open up an as-yet unexplored area within the emerging field of philosophy of science in practice, and constitutes a valuable addition to the disciplines of philosophy and history of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.

Covering a range of metaphors from a diverse field of sciences, from cell and molecular biology to evolution, ecology, and biomedicine, Understanding Metaphors in the Life Sciences explores the positive and negative implications of the widespread use of metaphors in the biological and life sciences. From genetic codes, programs, and blueprints, to cell factories, survival of the fittest, the tree of life, selfish genes, and ecological niches, to genome editing with CRISPR's molecular scissors, metaphors are ubiquitous and vital components of the modern life sciences. But how exactly do metaphors help scientists to understand the objects they study? How can they mislead both scientists and laypeople alike? And what should we all understand about the implications of science's reliance on metaphorical speech and thought for objective knowledge and adequate public policy informed by science? This book will literally help you to better understand the metaphorical dimensions of science.

This edited volume of 13 new essays aims to turn past discussions of natural kinds on their head. Instead of presenting a metaphysical view of kinds based largely on an unempirical vantage point, it pursues questions of kindedness which take the use of kinds and activities of kinding in practice as significant in the articulation of them as kinds. The book brings philosophical study of current and historical episodes and case studies from various scientific disciplines to bear on natural kinds as traditionally conceived of within metaphysics. Focusing on these practices reveals the different knowledge-producing activities of kinding and processes involved in natural kind use, generation, and discovery. Specialists in their field, the esteemed group of contributors use diverse empirically responsive approaches to explore the nature of kindhood. This groundbreaking volume presents detailed case studies that exemplify kinding in use. Newly written for this volume, each chapter engages with the activities of kinding across a variety of disciplines. Chapter topics include the nature of kinds, kindhood, kinding, and kind-making in linguistics, chemical classification, neuroscience, gene and protein classification, colour theory in applied mathematics, homology in comparative biology, sex and gender identity theory, memory research, race, extended cognition, symbolic algebra, cartography, and geographic information science. The volume seeks to open up an as-yet unexplored area within the emerging field of philosophy of science in practice, and constitutes a valuable addition to the disciplines of philosophy and history of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.

The names given to the variety of man-like fossils known to scientists should reflect no more than scientific views of the nature of human evolution. However, often in the past these names have also reflected confusion regarding the basic principles of scientific nomenclature; and the matter has been further complicated by the many new finds of recent decades. It is the unique purpose of this book to clarify the present state of knowledge regarding the main lines of human evolution by expressing what is known (and what is surmised) about them in appropriate taxonomic language.

The papers in this volume were prepared by the world's leading authorities on the subject, and were revised in the light of discussions at a remarkable conference held in Austria in 1962 under the auspices of the Wenner-Gren Foundation. The authors review first the meaning of taxonomic statements as such, and then consider the substance of our present knowledge regarding the number and characteristics of species among living and extinct primates, including man and his ancestors. They also examine the relationship of behavior changes and selection pressures in evolutionary sequences.

Ample illustrations, bibliographies and an index enhance the permanent reference value of the book, which will undoubtedly prove to be among the fundamental paleoanthropological works of our time.

Sherwood L. Washburn (1911-2000) was professor of physical anthropology in the University of California at Berkeley. He was the recipient of the Huxley Medal in 1967 and the American Anthropological Association Distinguished Service Award in 1983.

Offers comprehensive coverage of the latest developments in both biochemical and physiological approaches to fungal systematics. Incorporates recent advances in molecular biology into systematics methods that can revolutionize taxonomic schemes.

Required reading for any librarian who has been asked to identify standards and specifications, this unique new book highlights the importance of standards in many sci-tech libraries. Collections of standards in sci-tech libraries encompass a great variety--from the most narrow subject fields, to those covering many, and from collections of American standards only, to those with an international array. Role of Standards in Sci-Tech Libraries addresses the need for standards in libraries and provides crucial guidelines for developing standards collections. The first chapter describes the operation and collections of the ideal service that could be established to serve those needing stadards and to promote the use and collection of standards. A helpful list of foreign and domestic organizations that issue standards is included. Successive chapters explore the role of standards in different types of libraries--a public library's science and technology department, a corporate library, an academic library, and the library of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The final chapter addresses the role of Information Handling Services (IHS), a commercial source of all types of standards, discusses the range of standards services, and explains how information is acquired.

In this volume treatments are offered for 52 families containing 432 genera belonging to 13 eudicot orders, many of which have recently been newly designed; four families remain unassigned to order. Emphasis is on the early-diverging eudicots and basal core eudicots. The wealth of information contained in this volume will make it an important source of reference for both the scholar and the practitioner in the fields of pure and applied plant sciences.

An immense amount of physical chemistry information is packed into two sides of A4 in this consise summary of quantities, units and symbols.

The ultimate aim of IUPAC nomenclature is to provide unequivocal and comprehensible names for all kinds of chemical structures. This requires a rational basis from which comprehensible names can be developed. Written by leading world authorities this second edition of Principles of Chemical Nomenclature outlines IUPAC recommendations for application in the principle branches of chemistry: organic, inorganic, organometallic, and polymer. It also includes some basic biochemical nomenclature. The book clearly explains the fundamental principles of nomenclature methods and enables the reader to apply them accurately and with confidence. New developments are described and additional nomenclature systems used in specific industries are introduced. The book is replete with examples for guidance and there are extensive tables to direct the reader to information quickly. Aimed at chemistry teachers and students at all levels, it advises on the best presentation of formulae and chemical graphics. Although rather advanced for school pupils, their teachers will find it useful.

and by the Librarians and Staffs ofthe University and the Public Libraries at Southampton. Finally, we wish to thank Mrs H. G. Jerrard and Miss A. J. Tutte for typing the manuscript. Department of Physics H. G. JERRARD University of Southampton D. B. McNEILL 1963 Preface to the fifth edition Since the publication of the fourth edition in 1980 advances in technology have led to more precise values of the fundamental physical constants and a movement towards definitions of the fundamental units of mass, length and time based on atomic parameters. More precise definitions of some other units such as the candela have been approved by the international committees. These changes, together with the definitions of several new units have been included in this edition, the text of which has been revised and which now contains over 850 units and dimensionless numbers. The authors wish to thank all those who have helped in this latest compilation by suggestion and kindly criticism and Margaret Wainwright who has had the difficult and tedious task of typing, retyping and copying the fragmented parts that arise from a text revision. At the time of going to press we believe this book to provide the most complete and up-to-date information of its kind available.

Discover all there is to know about strong women in fiction: Hermione Granger, Wonder Woman, Princess Leia, and more! A strong woman is not just a badass lady who solves her problems with a high kick and a sassy comeback, all the while looking fabulous in a cape (although the cape is a plus!). A strong woman is a pioneer for bravery, intelligence, determination, and social justice for all. Compelling, humorous, and brilliantly illustrated in equal measures, The Science of Strong Women showcases a collection of fifty fantastic fictional feminists we all know and love. Through media analysis and awe-inspiring discoveries, this inspirational guide delves deeper into female-forward fiction and features a truly diverse collection of strong women including: June Osborne Star Carter Katniss Everdeen Elizabeth Bennet Eowyn Jo March Buffy Summers And many more Here's to strong women. May we know them, may we be them, and may we learn from them with The Science of Strong Women.

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Learning Classifier Systems, IWLCS 2001, held in San Francisco, CA, USA, in July 2001.The 12 revised full papers presented together with a special paper on a formal description of ACS have gone through two rounds of reviewing and improvement. The first part of the book is devoted to theoretical issues of learning classifier systems including the influence of exploration strategy, self-adaptive classifier systems, and the use of classifier systems for social simulation. The second part is devoted to applications in various fields such as data mining, stock trading, and power distributionn networks.

Quantities, Symbols, Units, and Abbreviations in the Life Sciences is a reliable compilation of the most up-to-date recommendations for using units, symbols, abbreviations, and acronyms in scientific publications across the biological sciences. Drawing on the authority of the various nomenclature committees of the many international societies in the biosciences, as well as on the editors of prestigious scientific journals, and on eminent individuals active in scientific publishing, this essential reference provides authors and editors with easy access to the authoritative usage of the universally accepted terms they need for clear scientific communication. The compiled symbols, units, and abbreviations are defined, with commentary and some etymological background frequently provided. The diverse scope of disciplines treated includes biochemistry, molecular biology, medicine, genetics, immunology, and virology, plus appropriate sections on mathematics, physics, and chemistry.

Although the histological typing of ovarian tumours is the focus of this volume, other aspects of investigation of a specimen of ovarian tumour are also important. Some of these aspects are mentioned in the text or illustrated. They include tumour grading, which is impor- tantprognostically and therapeutically for certain types ofovarian tu- mour, quantification ofcomponents in mixed tumours and evaluation of the stroma of certain tumours that are associated with endocrine function. Grading methodologies have varied from one tumour type to another and from one group of investigators to another for the same type of tumour. Because a standard internationally recognized grading methodology has not been established, no specific guidance is presented in this volume. Nevertheless, grading by any generally acceptable method should be incorporated in the diagnosis whenever appropriate. The clinical and pathological classification of the extent of tu- mour growth (staging) should be taken into account for the purposes of treatment and prognosis. The TNlV1/FIGO system is therefore in- cluded (p. 45). Histological Classification of Ovarian Tumours 1 Surface Epithelial-Stromal Tumours 1. 1 Serous tumours 1. 1. 1 Benign 1 1. 1. 1. 1 Cystadenoma 8441/0 Papillary cystadenoma 8460/0 1. 1. 1. 2 Surface papilloma ...8461/0 1. 1. 1. 3 Adenofibroma; cystadenofibroma ...9014/0 1. 1. 2 Of borderline malignancy (of low malignant potential) 2 1. 1. 2. 1 Cystic tumour 8442/1 Papillary cystic tumour ...846211 Surface papillary tumour...8463/1 1. 1. 2. 2 1. 1. 2. 3 Adenofibroma; cystadenofibroma 9014/1 1. 1.

This is a histological classification of tumours and tumour-like lesions of the exocrine pancreas which also includes those tu- mours showing a mixture of exocrine and endocrine elements. The classification is based principally on standard microscopic observations, but whenever indicated it incorporates diagnosti- cally valuable immunohistological findings. In addition, the most important immunohistological findings which are helpful in cat- egorizing pancreatic tumours are summarised in Table 1. The major guideline of this classification scheme is the group- ing of the pancreatic exocrine tumours according to their biologi- cal behaviour. Thus, the neoplasms are broadly divided into benign (adenoma) and malignant tumours (carcinoma). How- ever, in recent years we have learned that this division is not a sharp but rather a gradual transition. We therefore added a third group which we call "tumours of uncertain malignant potential" representing a borderline category analogous to that recognized for some ovarian tumours. This group includes mucinous cystic tumour, intraductal papillary-mucinous tumour and solid- pseudopapillary tumour. These neoplasms are defined by the grade of dysplasia and/or potential to become malignant. Mucinous cystic tumours of uncertain malignant potential, for instance, exhibit moderate epithelial dysplasia, but do not show severe dysplasia/carcinoma in situ changes, nor carcinomatous invasion of the cyst wall or the adjacent pancreatic tissue. Solid- pseudopapillary tumour has a benign looking histological ap- pearance, but metastases may occur. Biologically, all these neoplasms are primarily slow-growing lesions and have an excel- lent prognosis when adequately treated by complete resection.

The task of updating the classification was given to the Classification and Nomenclature Committee of the International Society of Gynecological Pathologists and its four subcommittees. This classification reflects the present state of knowledge and modifications are almost certain to be needed as experience accumulates. Since many of the tumours and tumour-like conditions in the classification occur in several sites in the female genital tract, cross-referencing from one site to another has been done in illustrating these lesions.