Alcohol and other drugs of abuse cause significant physi ological
changes, especially during development. The effects on the infant
and child range from severe mental retardation to mild changes in
activity and neurological functions. Although the level of intake
needed to cause fetal damage is not clear, the magnitude of the
problem is significant, with many long-term sequelae. As a result,
it becomes critical to better diagnose and manage drug and alcohol
use during pregnancy. This must involve special training for health
care professionals. In addi tion, recognition of the psychosocial
factors affecting alcohol use, especially by youth and young
adults, is critical to modi fying behavior, and thus reducing fetal
alcohol exposure. Cultural considerations can also come into play
in modi fying alcohol and drug use by women so as to reduce fetal
damage. The trends in alcohol and drug use by youth forecast rising
levels of damage to infants. These children will need extensive
medical and educational care for years to decades. Clearly,
understanding of the role women must take in modifying their
alcohol and drug use during pregnancy will facilitate changes in
our cultural and educational practices that will help reduce fetal
trauma from alcohol."
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