A history of Toxic Shock Syndrome In 1978, doctors in Denver,
Colorado observed several healthy children who suddenly and
mysteriously developed a serious, life-threatening illness with no
visible source. Their condition, which doctors dubbed 'toxic shock
syndrome' (TSS) was rare, but observed with increasing frequency
over the next few years in young women, and was soon learned to be
associated with a bacterium and the use of high-absorbency tampons
that had only recently gone on the market. In 1980, the Centers for
Disease Control identified Rely tampons, produced by Procter &
Gamble, as having the greatest association with TSS over every
other tampon, and the company withdrew them from the market. To
this day, however, women are frequently warned about contracting
TSS through tampon use, even though very few cases are diagnosed
each year. Historian Sharra Vostral's Toxic Shock is the first and
definitive history of TSS. Vostral shows how commercial interests
negatively affected women's health outcomes; the insufficient
testing of the first super-absorbency tampon; how TSS became a
'women's disease,' for which women must constantly monitor their
own bodies. Further, Vostral discusses the awkward, veiled and
vague ways public health officials and the media discussed the
risks of contracting TSS through tampon use because of social
taboos around discussing menstruation, and how this has hampered
regulatory actions and health communication around TSS, tampon use,
and product safety. A study at the intersection of public health
and social history, Toxic Shock brings to light the complexities
behind a stigmatized and under-discussed issue in women's
reproductive health. Importantly, Vostral warns that as we move
forward with more and more joint replacements, implants, and
internal medical devices, we must understand the relationship of
technology to bacteria and recognize that both can be active agents
within the human body. In other words, unexpected consequences and
risks of bacteria and technology interacting with each other
remain.
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