The polyphyletic Protozoa have explored the possibility of
performing almost all metazoan functions with a few subcellular
organelles. Their unicellularity and structural simplicity have (i)
limited diversity to 32,950 species, (ii) restricted spatial
distribution to aquatic habitats (94%, against 15% in Metazoa),
(iii) demonstrated the ubiquitous dominance of clonality, (iv)
reduced sexualization in 50% species, (v) facilitated the use of
vegetative gametes in 40% species and (vi) secondary loss of sex in
10% species. With the fastest multiplication rates, i.e. once every
6-60 hours, they occur in high densities of 105-106 cell/ml. Their
diverse and complicated life cycles are described in 30 types.
Being risky, the cycle involves two hosts in < 2,000 parasitic
species and injective transmission mode by sanguivorous insects and
ticks in < 300 species. Their radial symmetry has accelerated
diversity more than in radially symmetric less speciose Porifera
(8,553 species), Cnidaria (10,856) and Echinodermata (7,000). In
them, diversity is decelerated in the following descending order:
symmetry > clonality > hermaphroditism > motility.
Motility ranges from 2-3 m for Rhizopoda to 400-2,000 m for
Ciliophora. Not surprisingly, 6,800 species of arcellinids,
filosians and formainifers are testated or shelled. Within 1,229
sessile species, the peritrichid and suctorian ciliates are better
adapted to coloniality. Unlike those of many Metazoa, the protozoan
cyst is a dynamic stage, in which clonal or sexual reproduction
occurs. Over 81% protozoans encyst, as it ensures (i) 90% survival
during unfavorable conditions (against 15 in 12% non-encysted
protozoans), (ii) genome transfer through generations, (iii)
dispersal into new habitats and (iv) transmission to new hosts.
Their mean body size ranges from 2 m to 2 mm - a range over
1,000-times - only 8% aquatic metazoans cover a similar size range.
In comparison to 77% macrophagy in Metazoa, only 46% protozoans are
macrophagous predators. Within motile microphagy, protozoans filter
3-2 times smaller food particle at 50% cheaper clearance cost. This
efficiency has expanded microphagy to 15% in protozoans, against 3%
in Metazoa. Hence, their turnover rate in trophic dynamics is twice
faster than that of metazoans. Foraminifers serve as ecological
sensitive indicators in petroleum exploration and rise in sea
level. For the first time, incidences of clonality and meiosis as
well as symbiosis and parasitism have been shown to hint at the
origin and evolution of different protozoan taxonomic groups during
the geological past.
General
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