Structures placed on hillsides often present a number of
challenges and a limited number of economical choices for site
design. An option sometimes employed is to use the building frame
as a retaining element, comprising a Rigidly Framed Earth Retaining
Structure (RFERS). The relationship between temperature and earth
pressure acting on RFERS, is explored in this monograph through a
4.5 year monitoring program of a heavily instrumented in service
structure. The data indicated that the coefficient of earth
pressure behind the monitored RFERS had a strong linear correlation
with temperature. The study also revealed that thermal cycles,
rather than lateral earth pressure, were the cause of failure in
many structural elements.
The book demonstrates that depending on the relative stiffness
of the retained soil mass and that of the structural frame, the
developed lateral earth pressure, during thermal expansion, can
reach magnitudes several times larger than those determined using
classical earth pressure theories. Additionally, a nearly perpetual
lateral displacement away from the retained soil mass may occur at
the free end of the RFERS leading to unacceptable serviceability
problems.These results suggest that reinforced concrete structures
designed for the flexural stresses imposed by the backfill soil
will be inadequately reinforced to resist stresses produced during
the expansion cycles.
Parametric studies of single and multi-story RFERS with varying
geometries and properties are also presented to investigate the
effects of structural stiffness on the displacement of RFERS and
the lateral earth pressure developed in the soil mass. These
studies can aid the reader in selecting appropriate values of
lateral earth pressure for the design of RFERS. Finally, simplified
closed form equations that can be used to predict the lateral drift
of RFERS are presented.
KEY WORDS: Earth Pressure; Soil-Structure Interaction;
Mechanics; Failure; Distress; Temperature; Thermal Effects;
Concrete; Coefficient of Thermal Expansion; Segmental Bridges;
Jointless Bridges; Integral Bridges; Geotechnical Instrumentation;
Finite Element Modeling; FEM; Numerical Modeling."
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