Modality is the way a speaker modifies her declaratives and other
speech acts to optimally assess the common ground of knowledge and
belief of the addressee with the aim to optimally achieve
understanding and an assessment of relevant information exchange.
In languages such as German (and other Germanic languages outside
of English), this may happen in covert terms. Main categories used
for this purpose are modal adverbials ("modal particles") and modal
verbs. Epistemic uses of modal verbs (like German sollen) cover
evidential (reportative) information simultaneously providing the
source of the information. Methodologically, description and
explanation rest on Karl Buhler's concept of Origo as well as Roman
Jakobson's concept of shifter. Typologically, East Asian languages
such as Japanese pursue these semasiological fundaments far more
closely than the European languages. In particular, Japanese has to
mark the source of a statement in the declarative mode such that
the reliability may be assessed by the hearer. The contributions in
this collection provide insight into these modal techniques.
General
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