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Innervation of the Mammalian Esophagus (Paperback, 2006 ed.)
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Innervation of the Mammalian Esophagus (Paperback, 2006 ed.)
Series: Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology, 185
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1 Introduction The esophagus is a relatively simple though vital
organ. It consists of a two-layered muscular tube whose lumen is
lined by squamous strati?ed epithelium. Beyond its role of
propelling food from the pharynx to the stomach by a propulsive
contraction wave representing the esophageal phase of deglutition
(Conklin and Christensen 1994; Jean 2001), it is more and more
recognized as a sensory organ from which a variety of respiratory
and cardiovascular re?exes can be triggered, thus coop- ating with
the larynx in protecting the lower airways from aspiration
(Barthelemy et al. 1996; Lang et al. 2002; Lang et al. 2001; Loomis
et al. 1997; Medda et al. 2003). In ruminants, there is additional
antiperistalsis for regurgitation. During emesis, the esophagus is
a merely passive conduit except for some antiperistalsis in its
upper part. In the interval between swallows, both oral and aboral
ends of the esophagus are tonically closed by the upper and lower
esophageal sphincters, UES and LES respectively, while the tubular
esophagus is ?accid and partly ?lled with air. Despite this
apparent simplicity, neuronal control of esophageal functions is
quite complex.
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