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This book, originally published in 1992, encapsulates ten years of
research at the Open University's Human Cognition Research
Laboratory. The research investigates the problems of novice
programmers, and is strongly oriented toward the design and
implementation of "programming environments" aimed at eliminating
or easing novices' problems. A range of languages is studied:
Pascal, SOLO, Lisp, Prolog and "Knowledge Engineering Programming".
The primary emphasis of the empirical studies is to gain some
understanding of novices' "mental models" of the inner workings of
computers. Such (erroneous) models are constructed by novices in
their own heads to account for the idiosyncrasies of particular
programming languages. The primary emphasis of the implementations
described in the book is the provision of "automatic debugging
aids", i.e. artificial intelligence programs which can analyse
novices' buggy programs, and make sense of them, thereby providing
useful advice for the novices. Another related strand taken in some
of the work is the concept of "pre-emptive design", i.e. the
provision of tools such as syntax-directed editors and graphical
tracers which help programmers avoid many frequently-occurring
errors. A common thread throughout the book is its Cognitive
Science/Artificial Intelligence orientation. AI tools are used, for
instance, to construct simulation models of subjects writing
programs, in order to provide insights into what their deep
conceptual errors are. At the other extreme, AI programs which were
developed in order to help student debug their programs are
observed empirically in order to ensure that they provide
facilities actually needed by real programmers. This book will be
of great interest to advanced undergraduate, postgraduate, and
professional researchers in Cognitive Science, Artificial
Intelligence, and Human-Computer Interaction.
This book, originally published in 1992, encapsulates ten years of
research at the Open University's Human Cognition Research
Laboratory. The research investigates the problems of novice
programmers, and is strongly oriented toward the design and
implementation of "programming environments" aimed at eliminating
or easing novices' problems. A range of languages is studied:
Pascal, SOLO, Lisp, Prolog and "Knowledge Engineering Programming".
The primary emphasis of the empirical studies is to gain some
understanding of novices' "mental models" of the inner workings of
computers. Such (erroneous) models are constructed by novices in
their own heads to account for the idiosyncrasies of particular
programming languages. The primary emphasis of the implementations
described in the book is the provision of "automatic debugging
aids", i.e. artificial intelligence programs which can analyse
novices' buggy programs, and make sense of them, thereby providing
useful advice for the novices. Another related strand taken in some
of the work is the concept of "pre-emptive design", i.e. the
provision of tools such as syntax-directed editors and graphical
tracers which help programmers avoid many frequently-occurring
errors. A common thread throughout the book is its Cognitive
Science/Artificial Intelligence orientation. AI tools are used, for
instance, to construct simulation models of subjects writing
programs, in order to provide insights into what their deep
conceptual errors are. At the other extreme, AI programs which were
developed in order to help student debug their programs are
observed empirically in order to ensure that they provide
facilities actually needed by real programmers. This book will be
of great interest to advanced undergraduate, postgraduate, and
professional researchers in Cognitive Science, Artificial
Intelligence, and Human-Computer Interaction.
This book presents a selection of revised refereed papers taken
from the contributions to the Second European Workshop on
Case-Based Reasoning, EWCBR-94, held at the Abbaye de Royaumont
near Paris in November 1994. The 22 papers included were chosen
from a total of 60 submissions. The important evolution by
experienced artificial intelligence during the last few years has
been essentially influenced by case-based reasoning, particularly
by the area of knowledge-based decision support. This book
documents the progress achieved in CBR methods and tools during the
very recent past. It also outlines the substantial success achieved
in the applications domain, especially in the fields of
architecture and computer-aided design, task planning, chemical
synthesis, maintenance and diagnosis, and law.
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