"Archaeology and Text" challenges traditional assumptions about the relationship between history and archaeology by re-evaluating the role of artifacts and documents in the reconstruction of the historical past. Previous attempts to create a rapprochement between the disciplines have been undermined by a failure to see artifacts and documents as anything more than simple sources of information about the past. The central argument of this concise and original book is that both must be seen in terms of their efficacy in the past, in particular as technologies of power and resistance. Drawing upon recent work in theoretical archaeology, John Moreland puts forward a series of case studies from early medieval Europe, early modern North America, and the prehistoric Near East to illustrate the ways in which both documents and artifacts were 'activated' in the reproduction and transformation of power and identity. The concluding chapter warns that any contribution these arguments may make to the better understanding of the historical past will be negated if we fail to appreciate the very real dangers posed, to all the peoples of the past, by the recent 'linguistic turn' in both disciplines.

From the first major discoveries a century ago, the painted portraits of Roman Egypt were a revelation to scholars and the public alike, and the recent finding of a new cache of these gilded images, which made national headlines, have only heightened their mystery and appeal. Published to coincide with a new major exhibition of these portraits, "Ancient Faces" is the most comprehensive, up-to-date survey of these astonishing works of art.
Dating from the later period of Roman rule in Egypt, shortly before the birth of Christ, the painted mummy portraits are among the most remarkable products of the ancient world, a fusion of the traditions of pharonic Egypt and the Classical world. They are historical and cultural objects of outstanding importance and beauty, superb works of art that represent some of the earliest known examples of life-like portraiture. Though the subjects of the portraits believed in the traditional Egyptian cults, which offered them a firm prospect of life after death, they also wished to be commemorated in the Roman manner, with their fashion of dress and adornment signaling their status in life. Despite their ancient history, these portraits speak to the modern eye with a beauty and intensity that would be lost to portraiture until the Renaissance.

Archaeology uses material data to study the past, but material remains are unable to speak for themselves. They need to be interpreted. All archaeology depends upon the logical framework used to understand data: the theory which underlies interpretation. Yet archaeological theory often seems inaccessible or even irrelevant, wrapped up in jargon and filled with obscure allusions. Written especially for those with no previous knowledge of theory, this book aims to introduce the subject in a way which is both readable and which shows its relevance, and without a specific theoretical stance. The range of theoretical views on some of the themes and problems most often encountered in archaeology is outlined, introducing a wide variety of concepts and approaches equally relevant to the professional or amateur archaeologist, student, or non-specialist reader of archaeological work.

Why are you digging it up? How did it get buried? How did you know it was there? In this simple guide to the basic elements of archaeology, Professor Branigan tackles the questions most commonly asked by visitors to archaeological sites. Drawing on examples from both the Old World and the New and from prehistoric to recent times, he shows the fascination of archaeology as a study in itself and the exciting part it plays in our general view of the past. 'The best explanation of archaeology for the layman that I have ever read. The writing is clear and concise, the illustrations are excellently selected to support the examples, and the style is so interesting that it will keep the reader fascinated to the end.' American Antiquity

Crisis y muerte en la Antiguedad, desde una perspectiva multidisciplinar e internacional, analiza los periodos de crisis en el Mundo Antiguo desde un punto de vista historico y arqueologico. Para ello, los distintos autores han prestado atencion a los periodos de crisis sanitaria y medioambiental, asi como a las persecuciones y situaciones de hambruna e inanicion durante la Antiguedad. Los dos primeros trabajos analizan estas cuestiones desde un enfoque global, proporcionando un marco perfecto introductorio al lector de los temas que se desarrollan a lo largo del volumen. Las siguientes contribuciones no solo estudian zonas concretas como la region del Bajo Guadalquivir (Andalucia) o Tierras de Barros (Extremadura) en la peninsula iberica, sino tambien otros lugares historicos emblematicos como la ciudad egipcia de Oxirrinco. A continuacion, primando un criterio cronologico, se aborda el fenomeno martirial y la persecucion de personas de fe cristiana. Estos ultimos temas, a pesar de estar ampliamente tratados por la historiografia contemporanea, se aportan nuevos datos a traves del analisis filologico e historico de autores como Orosio, Lactancio, Prudencio y Agustin de Hipona, asi como de periodos mas generales de epocas concretas como los gobiernos de Septimio Severo, Caracalla o Teodosio. El volumen finaliza con un argumento concreto centrado, en este caso, en la peninsula iberica, la llamada Plaga de Justiniano desde el punto de vista arqueologico, aportando una vision novedosa a lo que senalaron los autores clasicos.

The site of medieval Euchaita, on the northern edge of the central Anatolian plateau, was the centre of the cult of St Theodore Tiro ('the Recruit'). Unlike most excavated or surveyed urban centres of the Byzantine period, Euchaita was never a major metropolis, cultural centre or extensive urban site, although it had a military function from the seventh to ninth centuries. Its significance lies precisely in the fact that as a small provincial town, something of a backwater, it was probably more typical of the 'average' provincial Anatolian urban settlement, yet almost nothing is known about such sites. This volume represents the results of a collaborative project that integrates archaeological survey work with other disciplines in a unified approach to the region both to enhance understanding of the history of Byzantine provincial society and to illustrate the application of innovative approaches to field survey.

Clothing was crucial in human evolution, and having to cope with climate change was as true in prehistory as it is today. In Climate, Clothing, and Agriculture in Prehistory, Ian Gilligan offers the first complete account of the development of clothing as a response to cold exposure during the ice ages. He explores how and when clothes were invented, noting that the thermal motive alone is tenable in view of the naked condition of humans. His account shows that there is considerably more archaeological evidence for palaeolithic clothes than is generally appreciated. Moreover, Gilligan posits, clothing played a leading role in major technological innovations. He demonstrates that fibre production and the advent of woven fabrics, developed in response to global warming, were pivotal to the origins of agriculture. Drawing together evidence from many disciplines, Climate Clothing, and Agriculture in Prehistory is written in a clear and engaging style, and is illustrated with nearly 100 images.

The History of archaeological research has only recently become a research topic of interest within Spain. A congress, Colecciones, arqueologos, instituciones y yacimientos en la Espana de los Siglos XVIII al XX, was held at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid in 2016 designed to bring this topic to the fore. Eleven papers are presented in this proceedings volume. They address several aspects from different perspectives that collectively enrich the historiography of Spanish archaeological research. | La Historia de las investigaciones arqueologicas es un campo de estudio muy reciente en el caso espanol. No obstante, las ultimas decadas han sido muy fructiferas en esta linea de investigacion. Colecciones, arqueologos, instituciones y yacimientos en la Espana de los Siglos XVIII al XX es un volumen que recoge ese testigo con once trabajos originales que traen a la primera linea la historiografia de la Arqueologia espanola. Estos trabajos, fruto de un congreso homonimo realizado en la Universidad Complutense de Madrid en 2016, abordan diferentes temas y perspectivas que abarcan importantes aspectos de la tematica tratada con una variedad geografica que atiende la diversidad y riqueza de la historiografia arqueologica espanola.

A comprehensive repertory of the stamps decorating the rims of Christian African lamps. This volume will be an indispensable tool to Mediterranean archaeologists for identifying even small fragments of lamps. French description: Fruit d'un travail de plus de dix ans ce repertoire de 1383 fleurons sur bandeaux de lampes Hayes II marque une avancee significative par rapport aux onze repertoires existants. Celui d'Ennabli, le plus souvent utilise avec ses 126 fleurons seulement, ne repond pas toujours aux attentes du chercheur. Les auteurs presentent leur classement alphanumerique et justifient leur choix de rendre les reliefs des dessins en noir et les creux en blanc contrairement a la convention qui pour les dessins de decors sur ceramique inverse ces valeurs : les fleurons de lampes Hayes II, issus de moules d'appliques, sont en relief et rendre leur contour en blanc suppose necessairement un trait de contour en noir qui souvent prete a confusion. Ceci est particulierement visible dans le cas de cercles concentriques ou de damiers. Une base de donnees entrant plus de 5000 lampes Hayes II dont les fleurons ont ete identifies grace au repertoire, permet, en faisant jouer l'association des decors de disques avec ceux des bandeaux et avec les provenances, d'ouvrir d'interessantes perspectives de recherches ulterieures sur les productions des grands ateliers tunisiens actuellement connus.

The original circumstances in which archaeological remains came into being are crucial for the interpretation of the material record. Burials are first and foremost a result of a very traumatic event in a society - the death of one of its members. It is due to this context that burials represent a primary source for understanding past societies' attitudes towards death. Barbara Hausmair traces death concepts and their influence on mortuary rituals in early medieval communities in what is today known as southwest Germany. Using the cemeteries of Bad Mingolsheim, Horb-Altheim and Weingarten as case studies, the author compares archaeological patterns based on grave goods and grave arrangements with anthropological data on age, sex, pathologies, trauma and migration patterns of the deceased. By connecting the observed patterns with social theories on human death behaviour, Hausmair dissects the complex network of the burial communities' social structures, death concepts and the newly constructed identities of the dead in the afterlife. Her thanatological approach provides original insights into the relationships between burial practices and ideas about death in Merovingian-period Alamannia by sensibly combining theoretical considerations with a thorough analysis of archaeological material. TEXT IN GERMAN.

Jacob van Breda de Haan is known as the author of the name Phytophthora nicotianae n.sp., the causal agent of 'black shank', an important disease of tobacco. Who was he? Where did he work? What did he publish? He published in Dutch, 1896, in a Dutch colonial report series. Next question: what more on tobacco diseases was written in obscure, colonial Dutch documents? Another scientist, Thung Tjeng Hiang, better known as the first Wageningen professor of plant virology, presented two original papers in Dutch on 'black shank' with the word 'epidemiologie' in their title, 1931 and 1938. Therewith Thung was an early bird in plant disease epidemiology. The foundational paper by van Breda de Haan and two important papers by Thung are presented here in English translation. Both authors worked in the former Dutch East Indies, present Indonesia, the first on the island of Sumatera, the latter on that of Java. Both were in the service of tobacco planters; they had to solve immediate problems as fast as possible. In a pioneer situation, van Breda de Haan was confronted with a sudden seedling disease which devastated the tobacco seedlings in the seed beds and which, yes, could lead to 'black shank' in adult plants. Thung, working in a well-organized environment, had to prevent 'black shank' in the tobacco plantations. Both authors were successful in controlling disease by means of a combination of ecological intervention and chemical treatment. Whereas van Breda de Haan could only dream of genetic control, Thung could incorporate the use of a fairly resistant cultivar in his recommendations. The 1896 paper has epidemiological observations scattered throughout, without using the word epidemiology. The 1931 and 1938 papers are probably 'firsts' in the Dutch phytopathological literature having epidemiology in their title, one an early study in quantitative, comparative epidemiology and the other an early version of landscape epidemiology. The three papers are preceded by a sketch of tobacco cultivation in the former Dutch East Indies, describing the position of the two authors in the tobacco scene; they are followed by a long-due biography of a forgotten plant pathologist, Jacob van Breda de Haan

In this second part of The Schliemann Diaries we follow Heinrich Schliemann (the famous 19th century archaeologist, trader and traveller) through his diary on his second journey: his travels to America from December 1850 to March 1853. The original diary was written in English and for a small part in Spanish. This publication is a transcription and translation of Schliemann s travel diary. In 1850 the millionaire Schliemann decided to end his job as trader in Russia and to try his luck in the United States. He travelled via Europe to New York and Washington and then via Panama on to the goldfields in California. He made a second fortune in Sacramento with buying gold dust and with banking. After two years he returned to Europe and got married in St Petersburg. In this diary Schliemann describes his travels from the perspective of a wealthy business man in the mid-19th century and writes about the landscape, his visits to the theatre, the hotels he used, his much discussed meeting with the American president, his lucrative banking business in California, etc. His travels and accommodation weren t always without danger. Schliemann describes in detail the extreme heat and humidity, fatal illnesses, rainstorms, floods, mosquitoes, robbers, murderers and swindlers. Heinrich Schliemann (1822-1890) was a shrewd trader and later in life he became one of the best known archaeologists of the 19th century for discovering the legendary city of Troy and the golden masks of Mycenae. Schliemann also made many travels around the world and recorded his experiences in several diaries. In this series, all Schliemann s travel diaries will be made available to a wider public by means of a transcription, an English translation and an introduction. These publications will present a new image of the trader and archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann and the world in which he lived."

In this book an analysis of over 300 animal bone assemblages from English Saxon and Scandinavian sites is presented. The data set is summarised in extensive tables for use as comparanda for future archaeozoological studies. Animals in Saxon and Scandinavian England takes as its core four broad areas of analysis. The first is an investigation of the diet of the population, and how food was used to establish social boundaries. Increasingly diverse diets are recognised, with high-status populations distinguishing themselves from other social sectors through the way food was redistributed and the diversity of taxa consumed. Secondly, the role of animals in the economy is considered, looking at how animal husbandry feeds into underlying modes of production throughout the Saxon period. From the largely self-sufficient early Saxon phase animal husbandry becomes more specialised to supply increasingly urban settlements. The ensuing third deliberation takes into account the foodways and interactions between producer and consumer sites, considering the distribution of food and raw materials between farm, table and craft worker. Fundamental changes in the nature of the Saxon economy distinguish a move away from food renders in the middle Saxon phase to market-based provisioning; opening the way for greater autonomy of supply and demand. Finally, the role of wics and burhs as centres of production is investigated, particularly the organisation of manufacture and provisioning with raw materials.

'Ritual Failure' is a new concept in archaeology adopted from the discipline of anthropology. Resilient religious systems disappearing, strict believers and faithful practitioners not performing their rites, entire societies changing their customs: how does a religious ritual system transform, change or disappear, leaving only traces of its past glory? Do societies change and then their ritual? Or do customs change first, in turn provoking wider cultural shifts in society? Archaeology possesses the tools and methodologies to explore these questions over the long term; from the emergence of a system, to its peak, and then its decay and disappearance, and in relation to wider social and chronological developments. The collected papers in this book introduce the concept of 'ritual failure' to archaeology. The analysis explores ways in which ritual may have been instrumental in sustaining cultural continuity during demanding social conditions, or how its functionality might have failed - resulting in discontinuity, change or collapse. The collected papers draw attention to those turbulent social times of change for which ritual practices are a sensitive indicator within the archaeological record. The book reviews archaeological evidence and theoretical approaches, and suggests models which could explain socio-cultural change through ritual failure. The concept of 'ritual failure' is also often used to better understand other themes, such as identity and wider social, economic and political transformations, shedding light on the social conditions that forced or introduced change. This book will engage those interested in ritual theory and practices, but will also appeal to those interested in exploring new avenues to understanding cultural change. From transformations in the use of ritual objects to the risks inherent in practicing ritual, from ritual continuity in customs to sudden and profound change, from the Neolithic Near East to Medieval Europe and Iron Age Africa, this book explores what happens when ritual fails.

The investigation of human remains has always been central to archaeological, but archaeologists are not the only ones with an interest in their treatment. Political groups, religious organisations, descendant communities and disenfranchised interest groups are all becoming more vocal in expressing their opinions on this subject on a world stage. This book sets a new agenda for ethical studies in mortuary investigation, adducing a series of case studies which can be used to understand the questions facing burial archaeology. Who owns the dead - not just their bodies but also their stories? Do the remains themselves matter or are there other political agendas which influence interest groups? The author encourages archaeologists to be more open and inclusive when conducting mortuary projects, as it is often the perception of secrecy or interference with the dead that raises concern about the treatment of historical and scientifically important skeletal remains.

The ancient city of Hatra is located 80 km southwest of the modern city of Mosul. The site reached its apogee during the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD, arriving at the striking dimensions of c. 300 hectares and into a new role as the capital of a significant buffer state between the Parthian and Roman empires. This volume is devoted to the study of the landscape surrounding Hatra and of the development of this important city, drawing on published information gathered by Iraqi and foreign expeditions, as well as unpublished data garnered from over fifteen years of fieldwork at the site by the Italian Archaeological Expedition. The study of the landscape comprehends the morphology, hydrology and geology of the region and offers new proposals regarding the exploitation of natural resources and the development of regional and local routes through the territory under Hatra's political and military control during the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. The analysis of Hatra as an urban centre consists of a detailed study of the city's hydrology, street network and urban areas, with the purpose of detecting the principles behind the planning and development of the city. The main elements of the urban space are treated in this book: the Temenos area and the Small Shrines, the Necropoles, the Fortifications, the Houses, and the Palaces. Due to the cross-referencing of archaeological, historical and epigraphic data, new ideas have been proposed regarding the chronological phases of urbanism at Hatra, from its foundation up to the destruction of the city by the Sasanian army in AD 241. | La citta di Hatra si trova nella Jazira irachena a circa 80 km a sud-ovest di Mosul. Il centro raggiunse il suo apogeo durante il II-III sec. d.C., toccando l'impressionante estensione di quasi 300 ettari e divenendo la capitale di un influente stato cuscinetto, collocato tra l'impero partico e l'impero romano. Questo volume e dedicato allo studio del territorio e dell'urbanistica di questo importante sito antico, impiegando contestualmente informazioni edite, raccolte dalle varie missioni irachene e straniere che si sono avvicendate sul terreno, e inedite, provenienti dal vasto Archivio della Missione Archeologica Italiana a Hatra in piu di quindici anni di ricerche sul campo. Lo studio del territorio definisce un quadro dettagliato della morfologia, idrologia e geologia della regione e dell'area prossima al centro, oltre a proporre alcune nuove ipotesi interpretative sullo sfruttamento delle risorse ambientali, sull'articolazione della rete viaria periurbana e regionale e sull'estensione del territorio sottoposto al controllo politico e militare della citta durante il II e III sec. d.C. L'analisi urbanistica comprende uno studio approfondito dell'idrologia cittadina, della rete stradale e delle aree urbane, allo scopo di individuarne le principali caratteristiche ed eventuali regole nella pianificazione e nello sviluppo della citta. Nel libro sono inoltre analizzati i principali elementi che compongono il tessuto urbano: il Temenos e i templi minori, le necropoli, le difese cittadine, le case e i palazzi. Grazie all'utilizzo contestuale del dato archeologico, storico ed epigrafico, e stato inoltre possibile formulare nuove ipotesi sulle fasi urbanistiche e sulla cronologia di Hatra dalla fondazione alla sua distruzione, avvenuta per mano sasanide nel 241 d.C.

With compassion and commitment, practicing chaplains draw on a wide range of professional experiences and discuss principles, themes, and guidelines that have enhanced their ministries. These practical and successful approaches are aimed at helping others face the daily professional challenges of health care chaplaincy. The issues and responsibilities of chaplaincy work with a variety of patient populations--AIDS sufferers, long-term care patients, stroke victims, and the terminally ill--are thoroughly explored. Contributors provide creative and innovative methods of meeting the needs of hospital patients and their families as well as health care personnel, such as implementing a volunteer clergy program and establishing a surgical reporting plan.

This third volume of the "Excavation of the Abri Pataud" rock shelter in southern France focuses on the occupation that began about 27,000 years ago and compares the materials with artifacts from more than 50 sites in Italy, Spain, and France.

First published in 1996. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

With the publication of this volume of Circumpolar Studies, the Arctic Centre of the University of Groningen and the contributors would like to honour Ko de Korte.

This book does not aim at a true story of prehistoric belief, but rather an account of how eight different archaeologists imagine past religions. It is their purpose to observe and analyse how archaeologists think about that fuzzy thing called religion. Papers range from a comparative history of research to new interpretational frames of hidden art. Authors question the established sacred-profane divide and explore the concept of liminality; they tear down the borders between humans and animals, the animate and the inanimate."

This volume is the first publication within the project 'PeripheralAutonomy? Longitudinal analyses of cultural transfer in the literary fields of small language communities', financed by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO). The project started in 2006 and was one of the spin-offs of the project 'Scandinavian literature in Europe: the influence of language politics, gender and aesthetics' in Groningen. Three universities are involved in the project: Ghent, Groningen and Uppsala. The first workshop 'Reflection on theoretical and methodological points of departure' was held at Ghent in December 2006. A selection of papers from the workshop were published on the project's website, which has been developed to function as a scholarly environment favourable to intellectual exchange concerning the 'Peripheral Autonomy' programme.The essays in this volume, the second in the series Studies on Cultural Transfer and Transmission (CTaT), focus on cultural transfer from the late nineteenth century until 1950. Emphasis is placed on the institutional conditions for cultural transfer, the social role of cultural transmitters and the function of the literature transferred. Gender aspects of cultural transfer are also studied, as well as the connection between changing national identities and varying definitions of national literatures.The volume makes clear that the cultural transmitter has a very important role in cultural transfer and transmission. She/he is active or present in all phases of the process, discovering new authors and genres, and shaping, reconstructing or deconstructing images. Whether or not the foreign literature is received on fertile soil and becomes part of a new literary field, cultural transmitters are pioneers and in the vanguard of cultural transfer.

This volume comprises papers presented to Wietske Prummel on the occasion of her retirement from the Groningen Institute of Archaeology (University of Groningen) in 2012. The contributions cover a wide range of topics from all realms of archaeozoology, such as animal husbandry and mobility, bird exploitation and fishery. The papers are dedicated to Wietske in celebration of her scientific career.

The Archaologische Anzeiger (Archeological Journal) has been one of the most important publications of German-language and international archeological research since 1889. The long-standing journal is now published in two half volumes per year. In addition, a separate supplement with the annual report of the DAI accompanied the first half volume in the years 2008 to 2012. The journal focuses upon subjects from the Mediterranean region from prehistory to late antiquity, although it also covers projects beyond the core area of the ancient world."

In de Nederlandse bodem zijn de resten van oudtijdse bewoning zelden als opgaande structuren terug te vinden. De enige archeologisch herkenbare sporen zijn meestal uitsluitend verkleuringen van de grond die laten zien waar de palen en de wanden van het huis hebben gestaan. Zij laten zo een, afhankelijk van de omstandigheden meer of minder herkenbare, plattegrond in de bodem achter. Huisplattegronden komen vaak in opgravingen in Nederland te voorschijn en behoren daarmee tot een van de meest onderzochte en meest intrigerende archeologische fenomenen. In dit boek schetsen archeologen de ontwikkeling van de huizenbouw vanaf de komst van de eerste boeren zo'n 7000 jaar geleden op de loess in Zuid-Limburg tot aan de dertiende eeuw in alle regio's, met een uitstapje naar de huizenbouw in de Nieuwe Tijd. Het laat ook de lacunes van onze kennis zien op dit gebied en schetst de methodieken die wij willen gebruiken om het onderzoek verder te helpen. Huisplattegronden in Nederland is daarom in de eerste plaats een handboek voor archeologen. Maar ook studenten en liefhebbers van het archeologisch onderzoek zullen veel nieuwe kennis kunnen opdoen over de verschillende verschijningsvormen van gebouwen. We hopen dat ze worden gegrepen door deze bijzondere groep van archeologische gegevens en worden uitgedaagd mee te denken om de talloze vragen die nog resten te helpen onderzoeken.