Bradford Hill has defined a clinical trial as "A carefully and ethically designed experiment with the aim of answering some precisely framed question" 1]. This definition specifies a careful design and requires the provision of adequate controls. Random allocation of treatments to subjects is important to ensure is entitled that the treated and control groups are similar. Therefore this book Randomised Controlled Clinical Trials. We can define a randomised controlled trial by rewriting Bradford Hill's definition as follows, "A carefully and ethi cally designed experiment which includes the provision of adequate and ap propriate controls by a process of randomisation, so that precisely framed questions can be answered. " I am a firm advocate ofRandomised Controlled Clinical Trials but intend to give a balanced view of the advantages and disadvantages of these ethical experiments. This book is directed primarily at the medical research worker, although certain chapters may find a wider application. When discussing a randomised controlled trial, it is neither practicable nor desirable to divorce theory from practice, however the first ten chapters con centrate mainly on theory, and the remainder focus on practice. The segment on trial design is followed by sections on writing the protocol, designing the forms, conducting the trial, and analysing the results. This book is meant to serve both as a reference manual and a practical guide to the design and performance of a trial."

Electrical Power System Protection provides practising engineers with the most up-to-date and comprehensive one -volume reference and tutorial on power system protection available. Concentrating on fundamental methods and technology and with extensive examples drawn from current practice internationally, this book will be a major reference tool for engineers involved with and affected by power system protection.

It is increasingly recognized that various transporter proteins are expressed throughout the body and determine absorption, tissue distribution, biliary and renal elimination of endogenous compounds and drugs and drug effects. This book will give an overview on the transporter families which are most important for drug therapy. Most chapters will focus on one transporter family highlighting tissue expression, substrates, inhibitors, knock-out mouse models and clinical studies.

This book presents the application of the overlapping grids approach to solve chiral material problems using the FDFD method. Due to the two grids being used in the technique, we will name this method as Double-Grid Finite Difference Frequency-Domain (DG-FDFD) method. As a result of this new approach the electric and magnetic field components are defined at every node in the computation space. Thus, there is no need to perform averaging during the calculations as in the aforementioned FDFD technique [16]. We formulate general 3D frequency-domain numerical methods based on double-grid (DG-FDFD) approach for general bianisotropic materials. The validity of the derived formulations for different scattering problems has been shown by comparing the obtained results to exact and other solutions obtained using different numerical methods. Table of Contents: Introduction / Chiral Media / Basics of the Finite-Difference Frequency-Domain (FDFD) Method / The Double-Grid Finite-Difference Frequency-Domain (DG-FDFD) Method for Bianisotropic Medium / Scattering FromThree Dimensional Chiral Structures / ImprovingTime and Memory Efficiencies of FDFD Methods / Conclusions / Appendix A: Notations / Appendix B: Near to Far FieldTransformation

I would like to thank all those who contributed to the success of this symposium and its proceedings by providing the material herein. The purpose of the symposium was to examine current know ledge of the brain's function in supporting conditioned behavior. The research of those assembled has led to much of this knowledge. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the organizational help of Drs. D. Alkon, D. Cohen, J. Disterhoft, T. Thach, R. Thompson, and L. Voronin, and also the UCLA Brain Research Institute, the UCLA Mental Re tardation Research Center, and Dolores Squires, who assisted faith fully in the administrative organization of the symposium. Special thanks are also due the publisher and publishing editor, James Busis, for lending us their expertise in the preparation of camera-ready material and its rapid publication. C. D. Woody CONTENTS THE ROLE OF THE HIPPOCAMPUS IN THE ACQUISITION OF LEARNED BEHAVIOR Role of the Hippocampus in Reversal Learning of the Rabbit Nictitating Membrane Response 1 Theodore W. Berger and William B. Orr Long Term Modulation of Intrinsic Membrane Prop- ties of Hippocampal Neurons". . . * . . . . . . . . . . . 13 L. S. Benardo and D. A. Prince Visual and Auditory Cues Support Place Field Ac- vity of Hippocampal Units in the Rat . . . . . . . 37 Phillip J. Best and Alvin J. Hill Hippocampal Plasticity and Excitatory Neurotrans mitters . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Carl W. Cotman, Graham E. Fagg, and Thomas H.

vi the information collected and discussed in this volume may help toward the achievement of such an objective. I should like to express my debt of gratitude to the authors who have contributed to this volume. Editing a work of this nature can strain long established personal relationships and I thank my various colleagues for bearing with me and responding (sooner or later) to one or several letters or telephone calls. My special thanks once again go to Mrs. Joyce Johnson, who bore the main brunt of this seemingly endless correspondence and without whose help the editorial and referencing work would have taken several years. F. FRANKS Biophysics Division Unilever Research Laboratory Colworth/ Welwyn Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford January, 1973 Contents Contents of Volume 1 ............................. . . . . . .. . . .. xv Contents of Volume 3 ........................ '. . . . . . . . . . . . xvi . . . . Contents of Volume 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . xvii . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 1 The Solvent Properties of Water F. Franks 1. Water, the Universal Solvent-the Study of Aqueous Solutions 2. Aqueous Solutions of Nonelectrolytes ................. . 5 2.1. Apolar Solutes ................................. . 6 2.2. Polar Solutes .................................. . 19 2.3. Ionic Solutes Containing Alkyl Residues-"Apolar Electrolytes" ................................... . 38 3. Aqueous Solutions of Electrolytes .................... . 42 3.1. Single Ion Properties ............................ . 42 3.2. Ion-Water Interactions ......................... . 43 3.3. Interionic Effects ............................... . 47 4. Complex Aqueous Mixtures 48 Chapter 2 Water in Stoichiometric Hydrates M. Falk and O. Knop 1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Symmetry and Types of Environment of the H0 Molecule 2 in Crystals .......................................... 57 vii Contents viii 2.1. Site Symmetry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 . . . . . . . . . ."

The book provides an introduction to the mechanics of composite materials, written for graduate students and practitioners in industry. It examines ways to model the impact event, to determine the size and severity of the damage and discusses general trends observed during experiments.

This book is for both specialist and generalist. For Information Technology (IT) and Educational Management (EM) researchers, it brings together the latest information and analysis of ITEM projects in eleven countries. But the issues raised by this collection of papers are so important for schools, school systems and the future of education that it is essential reading not only for researchers but also for teachers, administrators and all concerned with the planning and governance of our education systems. New technologies may improve our lives in two ways: by enabling us to do things better (accomplishing what we do already more efficiently) and by enabling us to do better things (accomplishing new things that we were not able to do before). Sometimes "doing things better" merges into "doing better things". Thus in the 19th century the coming of the railway enabled our forbears to accomplish their existing journies in less time and in greater comfort. But it also opened up the prospect of new journies to more distant places, and led ultimately to far-reaching changes in lifestyles in new, commuter settlements far from the old city centres. So it is in the present day with Information Technology in Educational Management. Some of the papers in this volume focus on specialist tasks, for example how to develop a computer-based decision-support system to help those drawing up school timetables. Others address situations in which the power of the technology offers us the potential to change radically what we do.

the chapters contained in this volume. Chapters dealing with pillared clays char- acterization and testing have been included to illustrate the importance of mod- em characterization techniques and of test reactions in understanding the prop- erties of these materials. A special acknowledgment is made of the generous financial contribution from industrial sponsors, to the many colleagues who acted as referees and to the authors for the time and effort they gave to presenting their research at the symposium and in preparing the camera ready manuscripts. We would also like to thank Professors A. Clearfield, T. J. Pinnavaia, Z. Gabelica, H. Kessler, S. Yamanaka, and to Doctors G. W. Skeel and D. E. W. Vaughan for helping to chair the symposium. Mario L. Occelli Yorba Linda, CA Harry E. Robson Baton Rouge, LA Expanded Clays and Other Microporous Solids 1 APPROACHES TO THE SYNTHESIS OF SUPER GALLERY PILLARED CLAYS Thomas J. Pinnavaia, Department of Chemistry and Center for Fundamental Materials Research, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 Recent advances in the design of microporous pillared solids with "supergallery" structures are discussed. Supergallery derivatives are defined as intercalates in which the interlayer thickness is substantially larger than the thickness of the host layer. Three general classes of hosts are considered, namely, 2:1 smectite clays,layered double hydroxides (LDHs) , and layered silicic acids.

The distinction between molecular immunology and immunobiology is neces sarily arbitrary. The most rapid progress is usually made in the blurred area between the two, when the chemist is aware of the full significance of the biological problems, and the biologist is alert to the contribution that a knowl edge of molecular structure can be made to their solution. The range of scientific disciplines able to contribute to research in immunology, which this approach brings, is reflected in the present volume. Protein chemists worked out the arrangement of the polypeptide chains and the amino acid sequences of antibodies and X-ray crystallographers the three dimensional structure, but more precise definition of the amino acid side chain positions in the combining site is required for an understanding of the subtleties of antibody specificity. That this can be achieved with physical techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance has been shown by R. A. Dwek, and in his chapter he summarizes these results with a minimum of technical detail. The immune response has been shown to be dependent on complex cellular interactions and further progress will be facilitated by investigation of the molecular basis of these interactions. This necessitates study of the structure and organization of the molecules in the surfaces of lymphocytes and other cells.

Radiocarbon After Four Decades: An Interdisciplinary Perspective commemorates the 40th anniversary of radiocarbon dating. The volume presents discussions of every aspect of this dating technique, as well as chronicles of its development and views of future advancements and applications. All of the 64 authors played major roles in establishment, development or application of this revolutionary scientific tool. The 35 chapters provide a solid foundation in the essential topics of radiocarbon dating: Historical Perspectives; The Natural Carbon Cycle; Instrumentation and Sample Preparation; Hydrology; Old World Archaeology; New World Archaeology; Earth Sciences; and Biomedical Applications.

This is another classic contribution by Braune and Fischer to the field of biomechanics. The pendulum method was employed to ascertain ac curately the moments and radii of inertia of the human body and its different parts about all axes - transverse, oblique or longitudinal. This elegant method is described in detail, together with the results. Relations were found between the centres of inertia on one hand and the lengths and diameters of the body segments on the other. These data were originally prepared for the authors' later work, The Human Gait, to determine the forces exerted on and by the parts of the body during walking. Such work is the basis for solving the mechanical prob lems related to any movement of the human body: thus, the original results presented here continue to be of im mense value to current research and practice. Aywaille, May 1988 P. Maquet v Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Experimental Determination of the Moments of Inertia of the Parts of the Body About Axes Through the Centre of Gravity and at Right Angles to the Longitudinal Axis, and About the Longitudinal Axis Itself . . . . 11 First Series of Experiments. . . . . 16 Second Series of Experiments. . . . 25 Oscillations of the Trunk and Head System. 29 Oscillations of the Trunk Without the Head 30 Oscillations of the Head. . . 31 Oscillations of the Left Leg. . . . . . . . 31 Oscillations of the Left Thigh. . . . . . . 31 Oscillations of the Left Lower Leg and Foot System . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Oscillations of the Left Lower Leg . . ."

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed proceedings of the 8th Italian Research Conference on Digital Libraries, held in Bari, Italy, in February 2012. The 22 full papers, included together with 4 panel papers, were selected from extended versions of the presentations given at the conference, following an additional round of reviewing and revision after the event. The topics covered are as follows: legacy documents and cultural heritage; systems interoperability and data integration; formal and methodological foundations of digital libraries; semantic web and linked data for digital libraries; multilingual information access; digital library infrastructures; metadata creation and management; search engines for digital library systems; evaluation and log data; handling audio/visual and non-traditional objects; user interfaces and visualization; digital library quality; policies and copyright issues in digital libraries; scientific data curation, citation and scholarly publication, user behavior and modeling; and preservation and curation.

The book is dedicated to the topical area of biology and medicine and the role of stress proteins HSP70 in the regulation of intracellular protein homeostasis, signaling transduction and cell protection. The book is divided into chapters, which describe the discovery of HSP70 and its molecular structure, the mechanism of the synthesis and function in normal and damaged cells, examine the role of HSP70 in immunity, cancerogenesis, aging, Alzheimer's disease and cardiac surgery. In this book, the author looks at HSP70 as a factor which prevents the transformation of homeostasis mechanisms of intracellular proteins into a link in the pathogenesis of a disease.

This tutorial volume includes revised and extended lecture notes of six long tutorials, five short tutorials, and one peer-reviewed participant contribution held at the 4th International Summer School on Generative and Transformational Techniques in Software Engineering, GTTSE 2011. The school presents the state of the art in software language engineering and generative and transformational techniques in software engineering with coverage of foundations, methods, tools, and case studies.

This book addresses problems in structural dynamics and control encountered in applications such as robotics, aerospace structures, earthquake-damage prevention, and active noise suppression. The rapid developments of new technologies and computational power have made it possible to formulate and solve engineering problems that seemed unapproachable only a few years ago. This presentation combines concepts from control engineering (such as system norms and controllability) and structural engineering (such as modal properties and models), thereby revealing new structural properties as well as giving new insight into well-known laws. This book will assist engineers in designing control systems and dealing with the complexities of structural dynamics.

Fourteen specialists of Central and Eastern European politics explore memory policies and politics by examining how and why contested memories are constantly reactivated in the former Soviet bloc. The book explores how new social and political actors can challenge the traditional narratives about the past produced by state bodies.

This collection addresses the ways that Nordic countries have approached the issue of bringing ethnic minorities into the societal mainstream. With multicultural incorporation as an option, the authors explore the potential impact of the politics of identity in societies with social democratic welfare states committed to redistributive politics.

The question of burden sharing has always been important in NATO with an acute relevance today as the US will cut its defence budget over a ten-year period and is no longer automatically willing to lead military operations. This volume considers Europe's role in political force for the future exploring eight European case studies.

This book focuses on all major aspects of the asset management industry including its regulations, strategies, processes, applied technologies and risks. It provides a serious resource for readers seeking greater depth and alternative opinions on specific industry developments, and breadth for specialists interested in the dynamics of the industry.

Travelling through theories of emotion and affect, this book addresses the key ways in which media studies can be brought to bear upon everyday encounters with online cultures and practices. The book takes stock of where we are emotionally with regard to the Internet in the context of other screen media.

During the last two decades, progress in steroid hormone research has resulted in the development of new approaches to contraception as well as diagnosis and treatment of endocrine disorders and cancers. Although significant advances have been made in the purification, characterization, immunochemistry and molecular biology of steroid receptors, the precise molecular mechanism of steroid hormone action has remained obscure. This book captures the detailed presentations made at the first conference on Steroid Receptors in Health and Disease held at Meadow Brook Hall, Oakland University in the fall of 1987. The purpose of this international con ference was to facilitate scientific exchange toward a better understand ing of the mode of action of steroid hormones. The scientific sessions consisted of poster presentations and state-of-the-art lectures, the latter of which make up this volume. The first chapter is meant to provide the reader with a more general background of the topics covered in the book, as well as to discuss certain theme-related issues that are either not yet well-established or accepted or are in the stage of infancy. It is hoped that this volume will serve as a useful treatise for students and investigators interested in basic and clinical aspects of biological regulation by steroid hormones. A task of this magnitude could not have been undertaken without the encouragement, advice and continued generous assistance of the members of the scientific committee. I am gratefully indebted to Drs."

Global justice is of every increasing importance in the contemporary political world. This volume brings a hitherto overlooked perspective - the politics of recognition - to bear on this idea. It considers how discussion of each of these illuminates the problems posed by the other, thus addressing an issue of vital concern for the years to come.

Through the prism of 'Nowa Huta', a landmark of socialist industrialization, Trappmann challenges the one-sided account of Poland as a successful transition case and reveals the ambivalent role of the European Union in economic restructuring. An exemplary, suggestive case of multi-level analysis research.

This book considers the sequential deployment of the receiver's response to the caller's request in telephone service encounters between native speakers in the U.K, Germany and Italy analysing the different response formats and their grammatical configuration.