The Politics of Precaution examines the politics of consumer and environmental risk regulation in the United States and Europe over the last five decades, explaining why America and Europe have often regulated a wide range of similar risks differently. It finds that between 1960 and 1990, American health, safety, and environmental regulations were more stringent, risk averse, comprehensive, and innovative than those adopted in Europe. But since around 1990, the book shows, global regulatory leadership has shifted to Europe. What explains this striking reversal? David Vogel takes an in-depth, comparative look at European and American policies toward a range of consumer and environmental risks, including vehicle air pollution, ozone depletion, climate change, beef and milk hormones, genetically modified agriculture, antibiotics in animal feed, pesticides, cosmetic safety, and hazardous substances in electronic products. He traces how concerns over such risks--and pressure on political leaders to do something about them--have risen among the European public but declined among Americans. Vogel explores how policymakers in Europe have grown supportive of more stringent regulations while those in the United States have become sharply polarized along partisan lines. And as European policymakers have grown more willing to regulate risks on precautionary grounds, increasingly skeptical American policymakers have called for higher levels of scientific certainty before imposing additional regulatory controls on business.

This book explores how EU law constrains the freedom of the EU, the Member States, and private bodies to adopt measures that seek to protect social and environmental interests abroad by placing conditions on production processes in other states. The permissibility of such process-based measures has been examined primarily within the World Trade Organization (WTO) context, but the challenges that they present are equally for the EU internal market system. Ankersmit identifies three core challenges posed by process-based measures from an EU law perspective: extraterritoriality, unilateralism and the competitive and democratic problems created by private rule-making. It examines these issues in the context of free movement, competition, public procurement, and EU tax law. This book will appeal to academics, policy makers and practitioners interested in trade and environment, the social impact of trade law, and European and international market regulation.

The book provides a critical analysis of electronic alternatives to documents used in the international sale of goods carried by sea, including invoices, bills of lading, certificates of insurance, as well as other documentation required under documentary credits, and payment processing arrangements. It constitutes an in-depth discussion of their legal status and the practices relating to their use. The new edition examines recent developments in the evolving digital transformation that is taking place in the field of international trade. The book examines the commercial pressure to move from paper to electronic data, and the new technologies and relationships built for this purpose. This transition is ever evolving and as such an understanding of the attendant legal implications of the change is crucial. Analysis is provided on the adoption by UNCITRAL of its Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records, the author having been involved first hand in its drafting as a delegate and observer in UNCITRAL Working Group IV, and on the Uniform Rules on Bank Payment Obligations (URBPO). The book considers the practical workings and legal underpinnings of new electronic bill of lading platforms such as e-Title and Placing Platform Limited and of pilot projects such as Wave BL, Marco Polo and Voltron. It also examines the legal implications of proposed uses of new technologies such as distributed ledger technologies (DLT) (including blockchain), Internet of Things (IoT) and smart contracts. This book provides a complete and practical analysis of e-documents in cross-border business contracts for goods carried by sea. It examines recent trends in practice and assesses the ability of electronic alternatives to achieve legal functions performed by the paper documents they replace.

Die Autorin nimmt die Reform des Gesetzes gegen den unlauteren Wettbewerb (UWG) im Jahr 2015 zum Anlass, die damit einhergehenden AEnderungen im Hinblick auf das Spurbarkeitsmerkmal zu untersuchen. Anhand verschiedener Fragestellungen und einer Analyse der Rechtsprechung zum Spurbarkeitsmerkmal wird unter anderem uberpruft, ob die sprachlichen und gesetzessystematischen Anpassungen des UWG 2015 an die Richtlinie uber unlautere Geschaftspraktiken tatsachlich keine AEnderung der materiellen Rechtslage mit sich bringen wird oder ob und in welchem Umfang fur die Rechtsprechung Anpassungsbedarf besteht. Daruber hinaus uberpruft die Autorin, ob eine Auswirkungsanalyse im Sinne des oekonomischen Ansatzes des more economic approach oder oekonomische Ansatze, wie etwa die Neue Institutionenoekonomik oder die Informationsoekonomie, Unterstutzung in der Rechtsanwendung des UWG liefern koennten.

Blackstone's Guide to Consumer Sales and Associated Guarantees provides a practical and contextual guide to the important new Guarantees Directive and its implementation. The book deals with the relationship and interaction of these new rights with the existing sale of goods legislation.

Consumer law and policy has emerged in the last half-century as a major policy concern for all nations. This Handbook of original contributions provides an international and comparative analysis of central issues in consumer law and policy in developed and developing economies.The Handbook encompasses questions of both social policy and effective business regulation. Many of the issues are common to all countries and are becoming increasingly globalised due to the growth in international trade and technological developments such as the Internet. The authors provide a broad coverage of both substantive topics and institutional questions concerning optimal approaches to enforcement and the role of class actions in consumer policy. It also includes comparative insights into the influential EU and US models of consumer law and relates consumer law to contemporary trends in human rights law. Written by a carefully selected group of international experts, this text represents an authoritative resource for understanding contemporary and future developments in consumer law. This Handbook will provide students, researchers and policymakers with an insight to the main policy debates in each context and provide models of legal regulation to assist in the evaluation of laws and the development of consumer law and policy.

Markets run on information. Buyers make decisions by relying on their knowledge of the products available, and sellers decide what to produce based on their understanding of what buyers want. But the distribution of market information has changed, as consumers increasingly turn to sources that act as intermediaries for information-companies like Yelp and Google. Antitrust Law in the New Economy considers a wide range of problems that arise around one aspect of information in the marketplace: its quality. Sellers now have the ability and motivation to distort the truth about their products when they make data available to intermediaries. And intermediaries, in turn, have their own incentives to skew the facts they provide to buyers, both to benefit advertisers and to gain advantages over their competition. Consumer protection law is poorly suited for these problems in the information economy. Antitrust law, designed to regulate powerful firms and prevent collusion among producers, is a better choice. But the current application of antitrust law pays little attention to information quality. Mark Patterson discusses a range of ways in which data can be manipulated for competitive advantage and exploitation of consumers (as happened in the LIBOR scandal), and he considers novel issues like "confusopoly" and sellers' use of consumers' personal information in direct selling. Antitrust law can and should be adapted for the information economy, Patterson argues, and he shows how courts can apply antitrust to address today's problems.

Das anlAsslich des 50-jAhrigen Bestehens der VG WORT herausgegebene Werk beschreibt die Vorgeschichte und Geschichte der bekannten Autoren- und Verlegervereinigung auf der Grundlage einer breiten archivalischen Aoeberlieferung. Sowohl die GesellschaftsgrA1/4ndung als auch die frA1/4he Aufbauphase waren durch zahlreiche Spannungen und Konflikte der beteiligten Interessengruppen geprAgt, die schlieAlich A1/4berwunden werden konnten. 1978 entstand nach der Fusion der VG WORT mit der VG Wissenschaft eine leistungsstarke Verwertungsgesellschaft, die seither die Interessen ihrer Mitglieder und Wahrnehmungsberechtigten wirkungsvoll vertritt. Untrennbar verbunden mit der Geschichte der VG WORT sind die verschiedenen Urheberrechtsreformen, die in ihren Auswirkungen ebenfalls einer genauen Betrachtung unterzogen werden. Die rasante Entwicklung technischer Neuerungen und die Probleme bei der Rechtewahrnehmung im digitalen und multimedialen Zeitalter geben Gelegenheit zu Ausblick und Perspektiven. Essays zu besonderen Aspekten der Vereinsgeschichte und -gegenwart runden die Darstellung in anschaulicher Weise ab.

Carriage of Goods by Sea provides an extensive comparative analysis of the carriage of goods by sea, examining the principles, regulation, responsibilities, obligations, and immunities within this area of English law, and other common law jurisdictions, in a single volume. The book covers all necessary aspects for understanding the law of carriage by sea. These include: an essential overview of the business of shipping; a core group of chapters on the various functions of bills of lading and other documents of carriage; the international and domestic regulation of carriage; analysis of the major conventions (the Hague, Hague-Visby and Hamburg Rules, and the Rotterdam Rules); and explanation of the shippers' responsibilities, both at common law and under the international conventions. Later chapters are concerned with the obligations of the carrier, and the rights and immunities of the carrier, again at common law, and under the international conventions. The book concludes by examining charterparties, as well as including chapters on frustration and damages. The third edition provides a thorough update from the publication of the previous edition in 2011 including new bills of lading, major Commonwealth developments impacting on the law in this field, and UK Supreme Court decisions such as Volcafe Ltd v Compania Sud Americana de Vapores SA (Trading as CSAV) [2018] UKSC 61, The Ocean Victory [2017] UKSC 35, and The Kos [2012] UKSC 17. The new edition also includes a new chapter relating to damages.