Having control over personal data is regarded as a fundamental right in the EU. Since the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) became enforceable May 2018, old rights were strengthened, and a range of new rights were introduced. How to navigate the changing landscape of data subject rights under the GDPR framework is the focal point of this volume. At the centre of this discussion are five key rights: the right to information, the right to access, the right to data portability, the right to be forgotten, and the rights related to profiling (the right to object and the right not to be subject to automated decision-making). With a focus on how these fit into big data economies, this book gives practitioners and activists the knowledge of how to pursue claims while also pointing out inefficiencies where data subject rights are concerned in a big data environment. As legal guidance slowly develops and still appears fragmented, this volume tackles the gaps and provides a thorough analysis of data subject rights under the new GDPR framework and their legal operation.

The fourth edition of this established and highly-regarded work is the most systematic study available of the law of sale of goods with reference to UK and Commonwealth authorities and relevant UK and EU legislation. A distinguishing feature of the work is the depth of treatment of problem areas, providing clarity on the law. It provides full coverage of content, interpretation and performance issues relating to sale of goods agreements. The book also addresses the relevant aspects of consumer law, as well as issues such as recoverability of damages, currency and interest. The work has been updated in its fourth edition to cover all recent developments in caselaw, most notably The Supreme Court in PST Energy 7 Shipping LLC v OW Bunker Malta Ltd (The Res Cogitans) [2016] UKSC 23 which has given rise to a new category of contract: the sui generis supply contract, for which no statutory model yet exists. Also examined in depth is the Consumer Rights Act 2015, which has profoundly affected the structure of sales law and, in a number of key instances, has also affected the substance of the law. This work remains the leading work of scholarship and an invaluable reference for all practitioners and scholars working in the field.

The book provides a critical analysis of electronic alternatives to documents used in the international sale of goods carried by sea, including invoices, bills of lading, certificates of insurance, as well as other documentation required under documentary credits, and payment processing arrangements. It constitutes an in-depth discussion of their legal status and the practices relating to their use. The new edition examines recent developments in the evolving digital transformation that is taking place in the field of international trade. The book examines the commercial pressure to move from paper to electronic data, and the new technologies and relationships built for this purpose. This transition is ever evolving and as such an understanding of the attendant legal implications of the change is crucial. Analysis is provided on the adoption by UNCITRAL of its Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records, the author having been involved first hand in its drafting as a delegate and observer in UNCITRAL Working Group IV, and on the Uniform Rules on Bank Payment Obligations (URBPO). The book considers the practical workings and legal underpinnings of new electronic bill of lading platforms such as e-Title and Placing Platform Limited and of pilot projects such as Wave BL, Marco Polo and Voltron. It also examines the legal implications of proposed uses of new technologies such as distributed ledger technologies (DLT) (including blockchain), Internet of Things (IoT) and smart contracts. This book provides a complete and practical analysis of e-documents in cross-border business contracts for goods carried by sea. It examines recent trends in practice and assesses the ability of electronic alternatives to achieve legal functions performed by the paper documents they replace.

This book examines how regulatory and liability mechanisms have impacted upon product safety decisions in the pharmaceutical and medical devices sectors in Europe, the USA and beyond since the 1950s. Thirty-five case studies illustrate the interplay between the regulatory regimes and litigation. Observations from medical practice have been the overwhelming means of identifying post-marketing safety issues. Drug and device safety decisions have increasingly been taken by public regulators and companies within the framework of the comprehensive regulatory structure that has developed since the 1960s. In general, product liability cases have not identified or defined safety issues, and function merely as compensation mechanisms. This is unsurprising as the thresholds for these two systems differ considerably; regulatory action can be triggered by the possibility that a product might be harmful, whereas establishing liability in litigation requires proving that the product was actually harmful. As litigation normally post-dates regulatory implementation, the 'private enforcement' of public law has generally not occurred in these sectors. This has profound implications for the design of sectoral regulatory and liability regimes, including associated features such as extended liability law, class actions and contingency fees. This book forms a major contribution to the academic debate on the comparative utility of regulatory and liability systems, on public versus private enforcement, and on mechanisms of behaviour control.