In dieser rechtsvergleichenden Studie entwickelt Antje G. I. Toelle einen Vorschlag de lege ferenda fur den Vertragsschluss im elektronischen Geschaftsverkehr, der auf einer Abwagung zwischen den widerstreitenden Interessen nach Sicherheit und Flexibilitat beruht. Dabei ordnet er etwa das Downloadshopping als verbindliches Angebot ein und ermoeglicht seine Rucknahme. Weitere Themenkomplexe sind der Zugang und Widerruf eines Angebots, sein Erloeschen durch Zeitablauf, Ablehnung oder Verlust der Geschaftsfahigkeit oder den Tod. Fur die Analyse werden insgesamt sechs europaische Rechtsordnungen, namentlich Deutschland, England, Frankreich, die Schweiz, die Niederlande und Ungarn herangezogen. Daruber hinaus berucksichtigt die Studie die europaischen Modellgesetze der PECL, des DCFR und des GEK zusammen mit dem UN-Kaufrecht neben diversen historischen Regelwerken wie etwa dem Allgemeinen Preussischen Landrecht oder dem Burgerlichen Gesetzbuch Sachsens.

Delay in the Performance of Contractual Obligations remains the leading practitioner work on the subject and includes consideration of variations in practice in different sectors. There are many new cases reflected in this new edition. Those of particular relevance to delay in the House of Lords, Supreme Court and Privy Council include Sentinel International Ltd v Cordes (2008) on notices making time of the essence, The Achilleas (2007) on remoteness of damage, The New Flamenco (2017) on mitigation, Sempra Metals Ltd v Inland Revenue Commissioners (2007) on the award of interest on damages, White v Riverside Housing Association Ltd (2007) on rent review, and Makdessi v Cavendish Square Holdings BV (2015) on the penalty doctrine. Those in the Court of Appeal include British Overseas Bank Nominees Ltd v Analytical Properties Ltd (2015) on conditions precedent and the order of performance, The Arctic III (2016) on indemnity clauses, The Crudesky (2013) on force majeure clauses and demurrage, North Eastern Properties Ltd v Coleman (2010) and Samarenko v Dawn Hill House Ltd (2011) on notices making time of the essence, Siemens Building Technologies FE Ltd v Supershield Ltd (2010) and John Grimes Partnership Ltd v Gubbins (2012) on remoteness of damage, Spar Shipping AS v Grand China Logistics Holding (Group) Co Ltd (2016) on the late payment of charterparty hire, Ampurius Nu Homes Holdings Ltd v Telford Homes (Creekside) Ltd (2013), Urban 1 (Blonk St) v Ayres (2013) and MSC Mediterranean Shipping Co v Cottonex Anstalt (2016) on delay as a repudiatory breach, and The Sea Angel (2007) and The Mary Nour (2008) on the doctrine of frustration. The growing trend towards reliance upon the so-called prevention principle is also treated with particular reference to Multiplex Constructions (UK) Ltd v Honeywell Control Systems Ltd (2007), Adyard Abu Dhabi LLC v SD Marine Services (2011), and Jerram Falkus Construction Ltd v Fenice Investments Inc (2011). The book also discusses the implications of the Consumer Rights Act 2015 on delays in performance. A new chapter has been included in this edition in relation to express contractual provisions dealing with issues of delay, with special reference to construction contracts, charter parties and contracts for the sale of land.

Contractual and fiduciary relationships are the two primary mechanisms through which the law facilitates coordinated pursuit of our personal interests. These fields are often represented in oppositional terms, and many accept the distinction that contract law allows an individual to pursue their interests independently, while fiduciary law allows an individual to pursue their interests in a dependent or interdependent way. Relying on this distinction, however, seems to suggest that the boundaries between the fields of contract and fiduciary law are fixed rather than fluid. Bringing together leading theorists to analyse critically important philosophical questions at the intersection of contract and fiduciary law, Contract, Status, and Fiduciary Law demonstrates that popular characterizations of the relationship between contract and fiduciary law are overly simplistic. By considering how contract and fiduciary law interact, and not just how they differ, the contributors to this volume offer new insights into a range of topics, including: status relationships, voluntary undertakings, duties of loyalty, equity, employment law, tort law, the law of remedies, political theory, and the theory of the firm.

The relevance of contracting and self-regulation in consumer markets has increased rapidly in recent years, in particular in the platform economy. Online platforms provide opportunities for businesses and consumers to connect with strangers, often across borders, trading products, and services. In this new economy, platform operators create, apply and enforce their own rules in their contractual relationships with users. This book examines the substance of these rules and the space for private governance beyond the reach of state regulation. Vanessa Mak explores recent developments in lawmaking 'beyond the state' with case studies focusing on companies such as Airbnb and Amazon. The book asks how common values and objectives of EU law, such as consumer protection and contractual fairness, can be safeguarded when lawmaking shifts to a space outside the reach of state law.

This, the only book in print to focus on liquidated damages and penalty clauses, analyses the common law jurisdiction to control stipulated damages clauses, and the distinction between enforceable liquidated damages clauses and unenforceable penalty clauses. The first part examines the historical origin of the control of these clauses, the second describes the current control of such clauses and their legal effect, the third critically examines the various rationales that have been proposed to justify their regulation and the final part describes analogous provisions and how to avoid drafting contractual clauses that are rendered unenforceable by the penalty rule. The book examines approaches in several common law jurisdictions in addition to England and Wales, including the United States, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada, and brings together principles developed in distinct commercial law contexts (such as shipping contracts) to enable comparison between particular contractual settings. Cited in the Court of Appeal, New Zealand, in 127 Hobson Street Ltd v Honey Bees Preschool Ltd [2019] NZCA 122 [18 April 2019]

Good Faith and Insurance Contracts sets out an exhaustive analysis of the law concerning the duty of utmost good faith, as applied to insurance contracts. Now in its fourth edition, it has been updated to address the arrival of the Insurance Act 2015, as well as any references to new case law. In addition, it synthesises all known judicial decisions by the English Courts concerning good faith in this area. This book is still the only text devoted to a discussion of the duty of utmost good faith applicable to insurance contracts. As good faith is an issue which arises in respect of all insurance contracts, it is a book which will be extremely useful to lawyers involved in insurance as well as insurance practitioners.

Boilerplate, the fine print of standard contracts, is more prevalent than ever in commercial trade and in electronic commerce. But what is in it, beyond legal technicalities? Why is it so hard to read and why is it often so one-sided? Who writes it, who reads it, and what effect does it have? The studies in this volume question whether boilerplate is true contract. Does it resemble a statute? Is it a species of property? Should we think of it as a feature of the product we buy? Does competition improve boilerplate? Looking at the empirical reality in which various boilerplates operate, leading private law experts reveal subtle and previously unrecognized ways in which boilerplate clauses encourage information flow, but also reduce it; how new boilerplate terms are produced, and how innovation in boilerplate is stifled; how negotiation happens in the shadow of boilerplate, and how it is subdued. They offer a new explanation as to why boilerplate is often so one-sided. With emphasis on empiricism and economic thinking, this volume provides a more nuanced understanding of the 'DNA' of market contracts, the boilerplate terms.

Contracts for the Sale of Goods delivers detailed analysis and in-depth comparison of the substantive law for the sale of goods in domestic and international transactions. It provides comparative analysis of three major sources of sales law: The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the Sale of Goods, the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC), and the Sales of the Uniform Commercial Code. Practitioners, academics, and anyone involved in the sale or purchase of goods in the international market will need this thorough analysis of both the text of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) and the cases that have addressed and interpreted the CISG. The new edition examines the number of American cases on the CISG decided since the last edition, and the several hundred major non-American CISG cases, concentrating on the development of specific points of law that have become important and contentious areas. It continues to provide a complete discussion of the PICC including the latest provisions on set-off, assignment, and limitation periods, and timely coverage of the new supplementary model clauses for use with the Principles. This is the only text that compares and analyses the PICC, the CISG and the Uniform Commercial Code in a detailed way. It explores instances when one may be more applicable than the other, and enables further understanding of all three instruments and the options available under international and domestic US law.

The new edition of this well-established and highly regarded work has been fully updated to encompass the major changes and developments in the law, including coverage of the Recast Brussels I Regulation which came into force in 2015. The book is invaluable for the practitioner as well as being one of the leading students' textbooks in the field, giving comprehensive and accessible coverage of the basic principles of private international law. It offers students, teachers and practitioners not only a rigorous academic examination of the subject, but also a practical guide to the complex subject of private international law. Written by an expert team of academics, there is extensive coverage of commercial topics such as the jurisdiction of various courts and their limitations, stays of proceedings and restraining foreign proceedings, the recognition and enforcement of judgments, the law of obligations with respect to contractual and non-contractual obligations. There are also sections on the various aspects of family law in private international law, and the law of property, including the transfer of property, administration of estates, succession and trusts.

The Law Commission (of England and Wales) and the Scottish Law Commission were both established in 1965 to promote the reform of the laws of their respective jurisdictions. Since then, they have each produced hundreds of reports across many areas of law. They are independent of government yet rely on governmental funding and governmental approval of their proposed projects. They also rely on both government and Parliament (and, occasionally, the courts or other bodies) to implement their proposals. This book examines the tension between independence and implementation and recommends how a balance can best be struck. It proposes how the Commissions should choose their projects given that their duties outweigh their resources, and how we should assess the success, or otherwise, of their output. Countries around the world have created law reform bodies in the Commissions' image. They may wish to reflect on the GB Commissions' responses to the changes and challenges they have faced to reappraise their own law reform machinery. Equally, the GB Commissions may seek inspiration from other commissions' experiences. The world the GB Commissions inhabit now is very different from when they were established. They have evolved to remain relevant in the face of devolution, the UK's changing relationship with the European Union, increasing pressure for accountability and decreasing funding. Further changes to secure the future of independent law reform are advanced in this book.

Revisiting Carter v Boehm, the collected papers in this book are intended as a catalyst for rethinking the pre-contractual duties in insurance law and the related principle of utmost good faith at a critical time for insurance law. In so doing, it endeavours to provide insurance law students, academics, practitioners and judges with new perspectives for a keen understanding of this fundamental aspect of insurance law, which has become increasingly dynamic under both common law and civil law legal traditions. It will explore to what extent and why the doctrines of pre-contractual duties in insurance law under the two major legal traditions are converging, as well as the implications of such convergence. It will be of great interest to students, academics and practitioners in the field of insurance law.

Analyses and critiques the key regulatory and commercial dimensions of the oil and gas industryIn recent years, a great deal has changed in the oil and gas industry, from legal and regulatory change to falling oil prices. The contemporary oil and gas industry is now intensely focussed on cost-saving and the UK has radical redrawn its revenue-raising expectations.This updated third edition has been published in two volumes: this volume focuses on commercial and contract law issues, while the other deals with resource management and regulatory law. The twin volumes bring together academic and practising lawyers, mainly based in Aberdeen, Europe's Energy Capital, to consider the key regulatory and commercial dimensions of an ever-changing hydrocarbon province.New for this editionSignificantly revised to take account of new case law relevant to default provisions and contractual interpretationA significantly expanded treatment of upstream commercial issues, including new chapters on the LOGIC contracts and Drilling contractsAdditional midstream and downstream content, including new chapters by industry experts on transportation and oil sales agreementsContributorsJudith Aldersey-Williams, Partner, CMS, Nabarro and Olswang, Aberdeen.James Cowie, Trainee Solicitor, Jones Day, Aberdeen.Greg Gordon, Senior Lecturer in Law, University of Aberdeen.Luke Havemann, Senior Associate, Bowmans Oil & Gas Team in Cape Town, South Africa.Tina Hunter, Professor of Law, University of Aberdeen.Alexander Kemp, Schlumberger Professor of Petroleum Economics, University of Aberdeen.Steven Latta, Assistant Head of Transnational Education, Glasgow Caledonian University.John Paterson, Professor of Law and Vice Principal for Internationalisation, University of Aberdeen.Claire Ralph, Head of Tax, Falklands Island Government; formerly Oil and Gas UK and HM Treasury.Uisdean Vass, Senior Counsel, Womble Bond Dickinson, Aberdeen.Emre Uenmez, Lecturer in Law, University of Aberdeen.Constantinos Yiallourides, Teaching Fellow, University of Aberdeen.

This book analyses enrichment law and its development and underpinning in social culture within three geographical regions: the United States, western members of the European Union and the late Ottoman Empire. These regions correspond, though imperfectly, with three different legal traditions: the American, continental and Islamic traditions. The book argues that we should understand law as a mimetic artefact. In so doing, it explains how typical patterns and exemplary articulations of wrongful enrichment law capture and reiterate vocal cultural themes found in the respective regions. The book identifies remarkable affinities between poetic tendencies, structures and default dispositions of wrongful enrichment law and cultural world views. It offers bold accounts of each region's law and culture providing fertile grounds for external and comparative elucidations of the legal doctrine.

Contract and Copyright Drafting Skills is a brand new title which will help you develop and create greater flexibility in your drafting skills. Using clear explanations and practical examples your ability to write clauses, draft, negotiate, analyse and review contracts will be enhanced. It is designed to be used in conjunction with your own precedent bank or alongside The A-Z of Contract Clauses, Sixth Edition. This title gives guidance on the variety of techniques that can be used in drafting contracts including the significance of the purpose of the agreement and the focus of the outcome. In addition it covers definitions, an important aspect of contract drafting, and also general background factors that can be useful to consider when drafting a contract. Contract and Copyright Drafting Skills will help you to appreciate the elements that can be edited in a clause thereby widening, decreasing or improving liability, risk, costs, revenue and control of rights. It also explains the process of the expansion, reduction and adaptation of clauses to meet the needs of the circumstances of the parties giving you the confidence to make that assessment and to focus on the aim of achieving the best agreement in the circumstances. Whether new to contact drafting or an experienced contract drafter, whether a lawyer or non-lawyer Contract and Copyright Drafting Skills will provide you with all the tools and guidance you need to become an expert contract drafter.

The development of the law of obligations across the common law world has been, and continues to be, a story of unity and divergence. Its common origins continue to exert a powerful stabilising influence, carried forward by a methodology that places heavy weight on the historical foundations of legal principles. Divergence is, however, produced by numerous factors, including national and international human rights instruments, local statutory regimes, civil law influences, regional harmonisation, local circumstances and values and different political and legal cultures. The essays in this collection explore the forces that produce divergence, the countervailing forces that generate cohesion and consistency in the common law of obligations, and the influence that the major common law jurisdictions continue to exert over one another in this area of law. The chapters in this book were originally presented at the Seventh Biennial Conference on the Law of Obligations held in Hong Kong in July 2014. A second collection, entitled Divergences in Private Law (ISBN: 9781782256601), will focus on particular departures from the common law mainstream and the causes and effects of those deviations.

Landmark Cases in the Law of Contract offers twelve original essays by leading contract scholars. As with the essays in the companion volumes in this series, each essay takes as its focus a particular leading case, and analyses that case in its historical or theoretical context. The cases range from the early eighteenth- to the late twentieth-centuries, and deal with an array of contractual doctrines. Some of the essays call for their case to be stripped of its landmark status, whilst others argue that it has more to offer than we have previously appreciated. The particular historical context of these landmark cases, as revealed by the authors, often shows that our current assumptions about the case and what it stands for are either mistaken, or require radical modification. The book also explores several common themes which are fundamental to the development of the law of contract: for instance, the influence of commercial expectations, appeals to 'reason' and the significance of particular judicial ideologies and techniques.

Significantly streamlined and updated, the second edition of Andrews' Contract Law now provides a clear and succinct examination of all of the topics in the contract law curriculum. Chapters direct students to the most important decisions in case law and employ a two-level structure to integrate short judicial excerpts into detailed discussion and analysis. Exploration of the law's 'loose ends' strengthens students' ability to effectively analyse case law, and new end-of-chapter questions, which focus on both core aspects of the law and interesting legal loopholes, assist students in preparing for exams. Students are guided through chapter material by concise chapter overviews and a two-colour text design that highlights important chapter elements. Suggestions for further reading and a rich bibliography, which point readers to important pieces of contemporary literature and provide a springboard for deeper investigation of particular topics, lend further support for student learning.

An oft-repeated assertion within contract law scholarship and cases is that a good contract law (or a good commercial contract law) will meet the needs and expectations of commercial contractors. Despite the prevalence of this statement, relatively little attention has been paid to why this should be the aim of contract law, how these 'commercial expectations' are identified and given substance, and what precise legal techniques might be adopted by courts to support the practices and expectations of business people. This book explores these neglected issues within contract law. It examines the idea of commercial expectation, identifying what expectations commercial contractors may have about the law and their business relationships (using empirical studies of contracting behaviour), and assesses the extent to which current contract law reflects these expectations. It considers whether supporting commercial expectations is a justifiable aim of the law according to three well-established theoretical approaches to contractual obligations: rights-based explanations, efficiency-based (or economic) explanations and the relational contract critique of the classical law. It explores the specific challenges presented to contract law by modern commercial relationships and the ways in which the general rules of contract law could be designed and applied in order to meet these challenges. Ultimately the book seeks to move contract law beyond a simple dichotomy between contextualist and formalist legal reasoning, to a more nuanced and responsive legal approach to the regulation of commercial agreements.

The central theme of this book is that an economic framework--incorporating such concepts as information asymmetry, moral hazard, and adaptation to changed circumstances--is appropriate for contract interpretation, analyzing contract disputes, and developing contract doctrine. The value of the approach is demonstrated through the close analysis of major contract cases. In many of the cases, had the court (and the litigators) understood the economic context, the analysis and results would have been very different. Topics and some representative cases include consideration (Wood v. Lucy, Lady Duff Gordon), interpretation (Bloor v. Falstaff and Columbia Nitrogen v. Royster), remedies (Campbell v. Wentz, Tongish v. Thomas, and Parker v. Twentieth Century Fox), and excuse (Alcoa v. Essex).

Part II of The Humanity of Private Law charts a new course for English private law in the twenty-first century. Part I set out the vision of human flourishing that English private law has in mind in seeking to promote its subjects' flourishing. Part II argues in favour of a very different account of what human flourishing involves, and explains what private law would look like were it to base itself on this alternative vision of the nature of human flourishing. This volume: sets out and evaluates different models of what human flourishing involves; argues in favour of the view that human flourishing involves being engaged in a quest to lead a truthful life; explains in what ways a private law that sought to foster this distinctive vision of human flourishing would be different from English private law in its current state, in particular with regard to: (i) tackling fraud; (ii) promoting freedom of speech; (iii) preserving attention capacities; (iv) protecting people from being subjected to degrading or hateful treatment; and (v) enabling people to make a fresh start in their lives; and, considers whether and when it would be legitimate for the courts to transform English private law in the ways suggested in this volume. Part II of The Humanity of Private Law is a radical and prophetic book that is essential reading for anyone who is interested in understanding the contribution private law can make to our living in a society that promotes the flourishing of all its members.

It is a matter of some difficulty for the English lawyer to predict the effect of a misapprehension upon the formation of a contract. The common law doctrine of mistake is a confused one, with contradictory theoretical underpinnings and seemingly irreconcilable cases. This book explains the common law doctrine through an examination of the historical development of the doctrine in English law. Beginning with an overview of contractual mistakes in Roman law, the book examines how theories of mistake were received at various points into English contract law from Roman and civil law sources. These transplants, made for pragmatic rather than principled reasons, combined in an uneasy manner with the pre-existing English contract law. The book also examines the substantive changes brought about in contractual mistake by the Judicature Act 1873 and the fusion of law and equity. Through its historical examination of mistake in contract law, the book provides not only insights into the nature of innovation and continuity within the common law but also the fate of legal transplants.

In diesem Werk wird die vorweggenommene Unternehmensnachfolge unter Ruckforderungsvorbehalt einschliesslich ihrer Form- und Zustimmungsbedurftigkeit aus zivilrechtlicher Sicht umfassend betrachtet. Dabei nimmt der Autor insbesondere auch die Pflichtteilserganzungsrelevanz der unentgeltlichen Unternehmensnachfolge unter Ruckforderungsvorbehalt in den Blick.