After being almost untouched for over 200 years, the contract law section of the French Civil Code was overhauled in 2016 and 2018. The New French Law of Contract describes, explains and analyses the new general principles of contract law in the reformed Code in a concise and stimulating way. The areas covered include contract formation, validity, the interpretation and supplementation of terms, the regulation of unfair terms, privity of contract, change of circumstances, breach of contract and remedies. The book examines the ways in which the new articles affirm or depart from the provisions of the 1804 Code and pre-reform case law, giving special attention to changes that have proved to be controversial and the debates that surround them. It also considers the various influences that have shaped the reforms, in particular those from international contract law instruments such as the Principle of European Contract Law and the UNIDROIT Principles. Written from the standpoint of a common lawyer, the book is designed to help readers from a common law background to navigate the innovations in the reforms and the new French law of contract that emerges. It is essential reading for students, researchers, practitioners, law-makers and judges with an interest in comparative law.

After being almost untouched for over 200 years, the contract law section of the French Civil Code was overhauled in 2016 and 2018. The New French Law of Contract describes, explains and analyses the new general principles of contract law in the reformed Code in a concise and stimulating way. The areas covered include contract formation, validity, the interpretation and supplementation of terms, the regulation of unfair terms, privity of contract, change of circumstances, breach of contract and remedies. The book examines the ways in which the new articles affirm or depart from the provisions of the 1804 Code and pre-reform case law, giving special attention to changes that have proved to be controversial and the debates that surround them. It also considers the various influences that have shaped the reforms, in particular those from international contract law instruments such as the Principle of European Contract Law and the UNIDROIT Principles. Written from the standpoint of a common lawyer, the book is designed to help readers from a common law background to navigate the innovations in the reforms and the new French law of contract that emerges. It is essential reading for students, researchers, practitioners, law-makers and judges with an interest in comparative law.

Contract Law Essential Cases provides an analysis of 50 of the most important cases in Contract Law. A description of the facts and an analysis of the judgment help both students and busy practitioners correctly to understand and interpret each case and extract the relevant points of law. This invaluable casebook sits alongside Contract Law Essentials and can be used in conjunction with, or independently from, that text. This book is ideal for students preparing for exams and is also an excellent resource for those who need to update their knowledge

The second edition of Global Sales and Contract Law continues to provide comparative analysis of domestic laws of sale and contract in over sixty countries, delivering a global view of national and international sales law. The book is grounded in the practical realities of sales law, reflecting the day-to-day issues faced by practitioners. Complex questions of the obligations under a sales contract, the ways in which these are established, as well as the remedies following the breach of obligations, are all analysed. In addition to coverage of the CISG and various national regimes, the book examines regional projects, like the the UNIDROIT PICC, the PECL, the DCFR and the PLACL, and compares differences in domestic legal approach where the CISG would not apply. The new edition covers all the relevant case law, and factors in developments such as changes to the law of contract in Argentina, France, Hungary, and Japan, a raft of countries which have adopted the CISG since the first edition, updates to the UNIDROIT PICC, and new editions of the ICC's INCOTERMS (c) and force majeure and hardship clauses in 2020. International or multilateral developments that were envisaged in the original edition have now either evolved or disappeared, for example, the European Union's plan for a Common European Sales Law (CESL), as reflected in the new edition. Encompassing all aspects of sale of goods transactions, and examining the process of a sale with relation to general contract law, the book gives practitioners invaluable insight into judicial trends and possible solutions in different legal systems, whether preparing for litigation or drafting an international contract. Global Sales and Contract Law remains the most comprehensive and thorough compilation of legal analysis in the field of the sale of goods and is a source for any practitioner dealing in international commerce.

This book introduces the reader to a number of ideas and issues that underlie the English law of contract-an area of law that is often regarded as forbiddingly dry and technical but which is here made easy to understand and full of interest. Taking as its starting point the role contract law plays in helping markets to operate, the book explains how contract law regulates the commercial risks people take, while at the same time placing limits on what may be bought and sold, and ensuring that contractual powers are not unacceptably abused. A final chapter discusses how contract law can be used to make gifts of binding promises to other people. The book provides a rigorous and stimulating journey through the ideas underpinning contract law and is essential reading for anyone with an interest in the subject. 'Clearly written and bursting with interesting and novel ideas, this lively book will be a great resource for anyone interested in Contract Law.' Paul S Davies, Professor of Commercial Law, University College London

Studies in the Contract Laws of Asia provides an authoritative account of the contract law regimes of selected Asian jurisdictions, including the major centres of commerce where limited critical commentaries have been published in the English language. Each volume in the series aims to offer an insider's perspective into specific areas of contract law - remedies, formation, parties, contents, vitiating factors, change of circumstances, illegality, and public policy - and explores how these diverse jurisdictions address common problems encountered in contractual disputes. A concluding chapter draws out the convergences and divergences, and other themes. All the Asian jurisdictions examined have inherited or adopted the common law or civil law models of European legal systems. Scholars of legal transplant will find a mine of information on how received law has developed after the initial adaptation and transplant process, including the mechanisms of and influences affecting these developments. At the same time, many points of convergence emerge. These provide good starting points for regional harmonization projects. Volume IV of Studies in the Contract Laws of Asia deals with factors affecting the validity of contracts (mistake, fraud, misrepresentation, coercion, and unfair exploitation) in the laws of China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam.Typically, each jurisdiction is covered in two chapters; the first deals with erroneous beliefs, while the second deals with reprehensible conduct of one of the contracting parties.

This book is a unique study of the law of contract in a range of South Pacific Island countries: Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Samoa, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, to name a few.Whilst this law has yet to establish its own regional identity, it differs significantly from the law of contract which operates in England and Wales. Incorporating an up to date survey of local jurisprudence, this book discusses the common law principles with reference to both regional decisions and case law from England and Wales. Further, it explains how the law of contract differs from country to country within the South Pacific and highlights the areas where regional courts have chosen to follow national legal developments in other countries, such as Australia and New Zealand. Relevant legislation in operation is also discussed, including local enactments and statutes that have been introduced from overseas. In addition, a separate chapter is specifically dedicated to customary laws, exploring the question of whether there is a customary law of contract. It explains the role of customary laws and their place within State law hierarchies of laws in South Pacific legal systems. Subsequent chapters go on to explore the relationship between customary laws and particular State contract laws.Contract Law in the South Pacific is a valuable resource for students, academics and legal practitioners, both within and outside the region.

The law enables private parties to undo the wrongs committed against them, allowing victims to seek redress. A distinctive kind of justice governs our legal rights of redress, different from the leading corrective justice approaches. Through analysis of this key idea, The Right of Redress helps to make sense of tort, contract, fiduciary law, and unjust enrichment doctrine. When a wrong is remedied, the authorship of that remedy matters. The justice in private law is sensitive to a right holder's authorship, and understanding how solves a number of legal theory puzzles. Many forms of redress are only available with state assistance, and a full account of private law requires an account of the state's responsibility to assist. It also requires an explanation of those cases in which the state declines to assist. Prior accounts have drawn on Kantian principles or a Lockean social contract theory, where The Right of Redress, drawing on public fiduciary theory, develops a distinctive account of the state's role. This book offers a new take on various modern features of the private law landscape, ranging from equity, to damage caps, to arbitration, to corporate claims, to class actions. The Right of Redress thus offers a pathbreaking account of the justice in private law, the political theory that underlies it, and the contemporary features that shape our rights of redress today.

Evidence-based medical guidelines are an inescapable element of current medical practice, but how are they developed? This book interrogates what causes these differences and similarities between guidelines and uncovers the mechanisms behind the development of medical practice guidelines. Four case studies, on lower back pain and on type 2 diabetes in England and the Netherlands, are used to provide a detailed empirical account of the development of medical guidelines. Interviews with guideline developers are combined with a detailed analysis of guideline documents. Theories from science and technology studies, institutional literature, group decision-making, and professional self-regulation are used to demonstrate how the development of guidelines involves a series of subjective choices driven by economic, cultural, institutional and political frames. Medical evidence plays a more limited and nuanced role in guideline construction than might be expected. Professional Regulation and Medical Guidelines sheds light on the power of experts and institutions to shape the governance of healthcare, and argues for greater transparency of the processes by which experts decide on the gold standard of care. The book will be of interest to guideline developers, medical professionals, policy makers, sociologists and lawyers who are interested in the interaction of science and law. It provides rich empirical data into the often opaque and little understood world of rule-making by experts.

The authors relate current arguments to traditional ideas of republicanism and democracy and compare them with the Revolution, Civil War, and civil rights and suffrage movements.

Smart Legal Contracts: Computable Law in Theory and Practice is a landmark investigation into one of the most important trends at the interface of law and technology: the effort to harness emerging digital technologies to change the way that parties form and perform contracts. While developments in distributed ledger technology have brought the topic of 'smart contracts' into the mainstream of legal attention, this volume takes a broader approach to ask how computers can be used in the contracting process. This book assesses how contractual promises are expressed in software and how code-based artefacts can be incorporated within more conventional legal structures. With incisive contributions from members of the judiciary, legal scholars, practitioners, and computer scientists, this book sets out to frame the borders of an emerging area of law and start a more productive dialogue between the various disciplines involved in the evolution of contracts as software. It provides the first step towards a more disciplined approach to computational contracts that avoids the techno-legal ambiguities of 'smart contracts' and reveals an emerging taxonomy of approaches to encoding contracts in whole or in part. Conceived and written during a time when major legal systems began to engage with the advent of contracts in computable form, and aimed at a fundamental level of enquiry, this collection will provide essential insight into future trends and will provide a point of orientation for future scholarship and innovation.

This text argues that private contracts would allow for more and genuine consumer choice, based on real differences between competing health plans in content, mixture and cost of services. It further argues that contracts would establish set standards and obligations for all parties.

This book explores the theoretical basis of precontractual liability for the unilateral breaking-off of negotiations from a comparative perspective. It argues that, in the selected civil law jurisdictions (Germany, France and Chile), the true basis of this liability is the notion of 'reliance' and it distinguishes two dimensions of reliance: 'trust-based' and 'expectation-based'. For the selected civil law jurisdictions it can be observed that trust-based reliance merges with the general principle of good faith and that the expectation dimension emanates from the trust-dimension. Therefore, Reliance in the Breaking-Off of Contractual Negotiations argues that this innovative theoretical approach to the foundations of precontractual liability could have important practical consequences in jurisdictions that do not embrace a general principle of good faith, such as English law. If the analysis is shifted from good faith to the notion of reliance, English law could develop a less fragmented approach and encompass cases that are currently devoid of protection. How legal changes could be implemented without establishing a general principle of precontractual liability is explored in the final chapter of the book. In a constantly evolving world where international trade is ever-growing, precontractual liability, particularly for breaking off negotiations, is a topic of constant development by legal scholars and the judiciary and of increasing importance for practitioners, judges and academics, with significant consequences for negotiating contracts both at a national and at a transnational level.

This book advances a theoretical account of contract law, grounded in value pluralism. Arguing against attempts to delineate branches of legal doctrine by reference to single unifying values, the book suggests that a field such as contract law can only be explained and justified by the interaction of a multiplicity of moral values. In recent times, the philosophy of contract law has been dominated by the 'promise theory', according to which the morality of promise provides a 'blueprint' for the structure, shape, and content that contract law rules and doctrines should take. The promise theory is an example of what this book calls a 'foundationalist' theory, whereby areas of law reflect or are underlain by particular moral principles or sets of such principles. By considering contract law from the point of view of its theory, rules and doctrines, and broader political context, the book argues that the promise theory can only ever offer part of the picture. The book claims that 'top-down' theories of contract law such as the promise theory and its bitter rival the economic analysis of law seriously mishandle legal doctrine by ignoring or underplaying the irreducible plurality of values that shape contract law. The book defends the role of this multiplicity of values in forging contract doctrine by developing from the 'ground-up' a radical and distinctly republican reinterpretation of the field. The book encourages readers to move away from a 'top-down' theory of contract law such as the promise theory and instead embrace a distinctly republican approach to contract law that would justify the legal rules and doctrines we find in particular jurisdictions at particular times.

There is a wealth of material that shapes the law of State responsibility for breaches of investment contracts. First impressions of an unsettled or uncertain law have thus far gone unchallenged. But unchallenged first impressions point to the need for a detailed study that investigates and analyses the sources, the content, the characteristics, and the evolution of this law. The argument at the heart of this monograph is that the law of state responsibility for breaches of investment contracts has carved a unique and distinct trajectory from the traditional route for the creation of international law, developing principally from arbitral awards, and mimicking, to a considerable extent, the general international law on the protection of aliens and alien property. This book unveils the remarkable journey of the law of state responsibility for breaches of investment contracts, from its origins, to its formation, to its arrival at the cusp of maturity.

This title explores the normative foundations of European contract law. It addresses fundamental political questions on contract law in Europe from the perspective of leading contemporary political theories. Does the law of contract need a democratic basis? To what extent should it be Europeanised? What justifies the binding force of contract and the main remedies for breach? When should weaker parties be protected? Should market transactions be considered legally void when they are immoral? Which rules of contract law should the parties be free to opt out of? Adopting a critical lens, this book interrogates utilitarian, liberal-egalitarian, libertarian, communitarian, civic republican, and discourse-theoretical political philosophies and analyses the answers they provide to these questions. It also situates these theoretical debates within the context of the political landscape of European contract law and the divergent views expressed by lawmakers, legal academics, and other stakeholders. This work moves beyond the acquis positivism, market reductionism, and private law essentialism that tend to dominate these conversations and foregrounds normative complexity. It explores the principles and values behind various arguments used in the debates on European contract law and its future to highlight the normative stakes involved in the practical question of what we, as a society, should do about contract law in Europe. In so doing, it opens up democratic space for the consideration of alternative futures for contract law in the European Union, and for better justifications for those parts of the EU contract law acquis we wish to retain.

Well-selected and authoritative, Hart Core Statutes provide the key materials needed by students in a format that is clear, compact and very easy to use. They are ideal for use in exams.

This new work contains the most current analysis of the English law of contract. Contract Law in Practice enables easy access to the essence of judgements, and includes clear explanations of the law, especially where the law is unsatisfactory, undecided, or lacks certainty. Written by Neil Andrews-an experienced author-this highly valuable book is essential for all commercial lawyers and anyone interested in this fundamental area of the law. With precise links to cases and important passages of the leading judgements, the analysis is founded in the words of the judgments themselves, enabling clear interpretation of their impact on the shape of the law and easy access to judicial discussion. The coverage is comprehensive, and emphasis is made upon interpreting and elucidating difficult or undecided topics. Substantial references to further reading throughout enable easy research for the reader. The author identifies six key principles of contract law: freedom of contract; objectivity; the contractual bond principle; estoppel; good faith and fair dealing; and the compensation principle. These principles support the analytical rigour of Contract Law in Practice and provide the framework in which the author clarifies difficult aspects of the law.

Ambush marketing is any attempt to create an unauthorised or false association with an event thereby interfering with the legitimate contractual rights of the event's official marketing partners. Looking at both traditional intellectual property rights (such as trade marks, copyright, and designs) as they relate to sporting events, and event-specific legislation (such as that of the Olympics and Commonwealth Games), this book gives comprehensive and detailed coverage of ambush marketing. Also considered are the areas of law which can be used to prevent ambush marketing by intrusion (such as laws to prevent fly postering, street trading, the placing of posters and billboards, and control of aerial space). The book addresses the law in the United Kingdom and the EU in detail, and provides substantial coverage of the laws in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United States. This new edition addresses the recent Birmingham Commonwealth Games Act 2020 as well as the major changes to the law in Australia with three new laws governing major events and Canada with its major overhaul of trade mark, design, and copyright law.

Problems regarding the nature of consent are at the heart of many of today's most pressing issues. For example, the #MeToo movement has underscored the need to move beyond viewing consent as a simple matter of yes or no. Consent is complex because humans and their relationships are complicated. Humans, as a result of cognitive limitations and emotional and physical vulnerabilities, are susceptible to manipulation and mistakes. Given the potential for regret, are there some things to which one should not be permitted to consent? The consentability quandary becomes more urgent with technological advances. Should we allow body hacking? Cryonics? Consumer travel to Mars? Assisted suicide? In Consentability: Consent and Its Limits, Nancy S. Kim proposes a bold, original framework for evaluating consentability, which considers the complexities surrounding consent.

Following the success of the first edition, this is the fully updated second edition of A Restatement of the English Law of Contract. Designed to enhance the accessibility of the common law the Restatement comprises a number of clear and succinct rules, fully explained by a supporting commentary, which set out the general law of contract in England and Wales. Written by one of the leading authorities in this area, in collaboration with an advisory group of senior judges, academics, and legal practitioners, the Restatement offers a novel and powerfully persuasive statement of the law in this central area of English law. All lawyers dealing with the English law of contract, whether as practitioners, judges, academics, or law students, will benefit from this Restatement. The English law of contract is one of the most respected systems of contract law in the world and by the device of a 'choice of law' clause is often chosen by foreign commercial parties as the applicable law to govern their contract. One of the aims of the Restatement is for the reader, including those from civil law jurisdictions, to see quickly and easily how the different elements of the English law of contract fit together.

This textbook is an engaging introduction to the more advanced writings on contract law, primarily designed to allow students to 'get under the skin' of the topic and begin to build their critical thinking and analysis skills. Each chapter is structured around key questions and debates that provoke deeper thought and, ultimately, a clearer understanding. This edition has been extensively rewritten to include new cases and scholarship throughout. New sections include 'no oral modification' clauses, substantive fairness, regulation of standard-form contracts, and remoteness of damage in contract. An excellent book for students of contract law who wish to know more, the aim of the book is not to present a complete overview of theoretical issues in contract law, but rather to illustrate the current debates which are currently going on among those working in shaping the area. The text features summaries of the views of notable experts on key topics and each chapter ends with a list of guided further reading. New to this Edition: - Extensively rewritten to include new cases and scholarship throughout. - New sections and debates include 'no oral modification' clauses, substantive fairness, regulation of standard-form contracts, and remoteness of damage in contract.

Obligations: Law and Language is the first work of its kind to examine in depth the fundamental language used by courts, legislators, and academic commentators when describing the nature of obligations law. A comparative perspective is taken, examining the law of England, Scotland, the United States, Canada, and Australia, and an in-depth analysis is provided of the major legal commentaries, statutes, and case law from each jurisdiction. In exploring such fundamental words as obligation, liability, debt, conditional, unilateral, mutual, and gratuitous, the author examines the often confusing and contradictory ways in which basic structural language has been used, and brings clarity to a core area of legal theory and practice.