Although super-critial fluid (SCF) technology is now widely used in extraction and purification processes (in the petrochemical, food and pharmaceuticals industries), this book is the first to address the new application of cleaning. The objective is to provide a roadmap for readers who want to know whether SCF technology can meet their own processing and cleaning needs. It is particularly helpful to those striving to balance the requirements for a clean product and a clean environment. The interdisciplinary subject matter will appeal to scientists and engineers in all specialties ranging from materials and polymer sciences to chemistry and physics. It is also useful to those developing new processes for other applications, and references given at the end of each chapter provide links to the wider body of SCF literature.

The book is organized with topics progressing from the fundamental nature of the supercritical state, through process conditions and materials interactions, to economic considerations. Practical examples are included to show how the technology has been successfully applied. The first four chapters consider principles governing SCF processing, detailing issues such as solubility, design for cleanability, and the dynamics of particle removal. The next three chapters discuss surfactants and micro-emulsions, SCF interaction with polymers, and the use of supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) as a cleaning solvent. The closing chapters focus on more practical considerations such as scale-up, equipment costs, and financial analysis.

Many contributors to this book belong to the "Joint Association for the Advancement of SCF Technology" (JAAST). A primary motivation for theformation of JAAST was the growing worldwide need to replace ozone-depleting compounds (ODCs) and smog-forming volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in manufacturing processes. Although aqueous cleaning has been adopted successfully for many applications, water is not a panacea and SCF technology has emerged as a leading alternative.

Headspace gas analysis is an analytical technique that has been successfully applied to food flavors for over 20 years but has experienced a resurgence of interest and innovation in recent years. In its truest form, headspace analysis represents the direct collection and analysis of the mixture of vapors in the space immediately above a food or beverage. The technique offers several advantages for workers interested in how a product smells and ultimately tastes. It offers the advantages of speed, simplicity, and, more importantly, represents the aroma profile a consumer is likely to experience just before consuming the product. Since only volatile components are collected, the sample is totally free of nonvolatile residues which commonly plague comparison liquid-liquid extracts of the same product.
This is the first book devoted to headspace analysis in foods and beverages in more than 20 years. The publication contains chapters on the basic theory of headspace analysis, as well as the theory and application of newly developed headspace techniques, such as solid phase micro extraction, SPME and electronic noses. New concentrating and desorption techniques are described in addition to a raft of food applications including tomato and citrus juices, alcoholic beverages, baguettes, dairy products, lipids, grill flavoring, baked potato, and meat. Chapters on off-flavors as well as aroma-food matrix interactions are also included.

"This is the bible of headspace analysis. If you are involved in, or planning on becoming involved, or want to learn more about, this incredible subject, then buy this book immediately "
Aubrey Parsons, governing council member, International Union for Food Science and Technology"

An Examination of Detergent Applications

The fifth volume in a six volume project penned by detergent industry experts, this segment deals with the various applications of detergent formulations - surfactants, builders, sequestering/chelating agents - as well as other components. These applications are discussed with respect to the scope of their domestic, institutional, or industrial usages. Special focus is given to technological advancement, health and environmental concerns, and the rapid changes occurring in the field within the past several years. With each chapter providing the special access of a pioneering researcher, this text offers an insider's look at the most current advances.

With contributions from experts and pioneers, this set provides readers with the tools they need to answer the need for sustainable development faced by the industry. The six volumes constitute a shift from the traditional, mostly theoretical focus of most resources to the practical application of advances in research and development. With contributions from expert practitioners in various branches of the industry, the series offers unparalleled knowledge on raw materials, production, economics, properties, formulations, analysis and test methods, applications, marketing, environmental considerations and related research.

Part A of this handbook describes the raw materials and potential interactions of detergent products before, during and after use, focusing on the development and mechanisms of action of cleaning components. The text presents the basic physiochemical concepts necessary to formulate new, safer and more effective detergent products.

From anti-aging creams to make-up, surfactants play a key role as delivery systems for skin care and decorative cosmetic products. Surfactants in Personal Care Products and Decorative Cosmetics, Third Edition presents a scientific basis in surfactant science and recent advances in the industry necessary for understanding, formulating, and testing surfactant-based cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. Presenting a new perspective from the previous edition, this book details the function of emulsions, microemulsions, micelles, and nanostructures in the formulation of personal care products and decorative cosmetics and examines their ability to deliver specific benefits to the skin. This edition begins by describing new research into skin structure and cellular processes. Then it presents the latest methods and techniques for substantiating claims and assessing the effectiveness of moisturizers, anti-aging treatments, and sunscreens. Subsequent chapters focus on surfactant solution properties, surfactant emulsions, nanotechnology, cleanser/conditioner systems, and pigment dispersions. Following a detailed examination on the role of surfactants in finished pigmented products, this edition also discusses optimal formulation strategies and surfactant raw materials for enhancing pigmented products. The third edition of Surfactants in Personal Care Products and Decorative Cosmetics, Third Edition helps formulators identify and overcome the challenges involved in developing new applications and enhancing the benefits of cosmetic and cosmeceutical products.

A bestseller in its first edition, Liquid Detergents, Second Edition captures the most significant advances since 1996, maintaining its reputation as a first-stop reference in all fundamental theories, practical applications, and manufacturing aspects of liquid detergents. Featuring new material and updates in every chapter, the book expands its coverage of emulsions to include nanoemulsions, adds new data to elucidate the rheology of current commercial detergent raw materials as compared to finished products, and offers a more complete theoretical treatment of the aggregation in non-aqueous solvents. The book now covers all rheology modifiers and thickeners for detergent applications, antibacterial and sensorial light-duty liquid products, color/fabric care and wrinkle reduction in heavy-duty liquid detergents, and household cleaning wipes in specialty liquid household surface cleaners. Rewriting the chapters on the latest improvements and growing benefits in fabric softeners, liquid hand soaps and body washes, and shampoos and conditioners, the latter contains extensive summaries of patents for various new products and technologies. The final chapter, dedicated to the manufacturing of liquid detergents, offers a discussion on continuous vs. batch processes and micro-contamination. The most comprehensive guide of its kind, Liquid Detergents, Second Edition, is a balanced and practical reference that will continue to inspire students, researchers, chemists, and product developers in detergent industry, surfactant science and industrial chemistry.

This book presents more than 800 advanced cleaning product formulations for household, industrial, and automotive applications. All formulations are completely different from those in other volumes.
If you would like to purchase the entir

Beyond use in the consumer markets, detergents affect applications ranging from automotive lubricants to remediation techniques for oil spills and other environmental contaminants, paper and textile processing, and the formulation of paints, inks, and colorants. Faced with many challenges and choices, formulators must choose the composition of detergents carefully. The fourth and latest installment of the "Handbook of Detergents, "Part D: Formulation enables formulators to meet the demands of the increasing complexity of formulations, economic and sustainability constraints, and reducing the impact of detergents on the environment to which they will eventually be released.

The scope and spectrum of methods and techniques applied in detergent analysis have changed significantly during the last decade. Handbook of Detergents, Part C: Analysis demonstrates state-of-the-art strategies, methods, and techniques for the analytical deformulation of modern detergents. It offers a comprehensive view of all aspects of detergents, including typical ingredients of modern products, testing of detergent formulations, the determination of detergent ingredients in the environment, and the application of modern instrumental techniques. The handbook outlines features and experimental parameters for many essential procedures, and emphasizes the latest techniques and methods.

The second installment of the multivolume Handbook of Detergents deals with the potential environmental impact of detergents as a result of their production, formulation, usage, consumption, and disposal. This volume forms a comprehensive treatise on the multidimensional issues involved and emphasizes the alignment of scientific knowledge with the relevant contemporary data and methodologies in toxicology, ecotoxicology, and environmental risk assessment. With contributions from over 50 experts worldwide, this volume discusses industry procedures involving surfactant and detergent treatments and explores global concerns centering on recent legislative and regulatory developments.

Volume 3, like the preceding volumes, focuses on the diversity of surfactants, both in terms of chemical structure and physico-chemical / surface active properties. These properties may be predictable for simple molecules but, for most commercial surfactants (which may be regarded as multi-component blends), this is not so easy. Yet it is important to develop a greater understanding of the interactions within a multi-component mixture, in order to select the most appropriate product for a particular application in which a combination of surface active properties is required.

A special feature of this volume is the initial chapter, in which the end uses of surface active agents are classified by industrial sector and the surfactant properties required for each application are presented in detail. The result is a unique guide to the influence of chemical structure on performance in end use, highlighting the benefits of particular surfactants and illustrating how some of the newer classes of surfactant may overcome the deficiencies of previously used products.

Facilitating the development of important processes that yield increased detersive performance from smaller dosages, this work examines up-to-date and emerging process and chemical technologies used in the formulation of compact powdered detergents. It provides a survey of technological developments fundamental to powder compaction, such as the replacement of traditional phosphate builders and the introduction of insoluble zeolites as particle process aids.

Offers an integrated overview of enzyme use in household detergents, from product development and manufacturing to safety and health-related issues. The text details the major types of enzymes, structure-function relationships, life cycle analyses, protein-engineering techniques, cleaning mechanisms, and past, present and future applications.

Authors from Akzo, Sherex, and Ethyl chemical companies present a comprehensive review of cationic surfactants, emphasizing the organic chemistry aspects. They discuss the preparation, properties, availability, and commercial uses of a wide range of these materials, including aromatic and cyclic var

The first reference to link chemical engineering technologies and surfactant science in suchbreadth of focus, Surfactants in Chemical/Process Engineering features contributionsby major authorities in chemical engineering whose applications have opened important newfields for surfactant use. These applications include dispersion science, separation processes, oilrecovery, microemulsions, and environmental control.This volume discusses ultrafiltration processes, flotation, metal extractions, and more ...examines surfactants in process streams for such industrial separations as micellar-enhancedultrafiltration, adsorbent regeneration, micellar extractions, and oiVwater demulsification . ..describes methodologies for separations of fatty acids, metals, minerals and impurities,solvents, and hydrocarbons for cost-saving industrial and consumer product manufacture . . .details techniques for developing and optimizing formulations for superior agricultural plantcontrol or enhancement systems, micro- and macroemulsions, and liquid surfactant membranes... and looks closely at emulsion polymers in soil stabilizations, protective coatings, sealants,adhesives, textile processing, paper finishing, specialty concretes, and tire manufacture.

This volume provides an overview of the theory and practical aspects of the detersive process, detergency testing, analysis of detergents, and progress in formulating detergents. It discusses temperature effects and cold water cleaning only from the kinetic and mechanistic points of view.

Microbially derived surfactants, called biosurfactants, provide a promising alternative to synthetic surfactants, displaying better availability and being generally nontoxic and biodegradable. Biosurfactants also have the advantage of diverse chemical properties and the potential to be less expensive. They demonstrate properties such as reducing surface tension, stabilizing emulsions, and promoting foaming. With many promising research results, a consolidated resource of biosurfactant knowledge is needed to build a framework for further development of applications. Biosurfactants: Research Trends and Applications fills this need, covering the latest research and development on relevant aspects of biological, biochemical, and physical processes and applications of biosurfactants. This book reviews current knowledge and the latest advances, strategies for improving production processes, and the status of biosynthetic and genetic regulation mechanisms for microbial surfactants. Chapters present research findings on specific biosurfactants, such as high surface activity rhamnolipids, yeast-derived sophorolipids, lipopeptides, and trehalose lipids that have potential for environmental, industrial, and medical uses. The book also describes sources and characteristics of marine microbial biosurfactants, biosurfactants made from food processing by-products and biosurfactants used in the food industry, and biosurfactants for green synthesis of nanoparticles. The text presents applications of biosurfactants in environmental industries and examines interactions between metals and various classes of biosurfactants and related metal remediation technologies. The final chapter reviews the state of the art of biosurfactants and their applications, and proposes approaches to overcome any challenges.

A bestseller in its first edition, Liquid Detergents, Second Edition captures the most significant advances since 1996, maintaining its reputation as a first-stop reference in all fundamental theories, practical applications, and manufacturing aspects of liquid detergents. Featuring new material and updates in every chapter, the book expands its coverage of emulsions to include nanoemulsions, adds new data to elucidate the rheology of current commercial detergent raw materials as compared to finished products, and offers a more complete theoretical treatment of the aggregation in non-aqueous solvents. The book now covers all rheology modifiers and thickeners for detergent applications, antibacterial and sensorial light-duty liquid products, color/fabric care and wrinkle reduction in heavy-duty liquid detergents, and household cleaning wipes in specialty liquid household surface cleaners. Rewriting the chapters on the latest improvements and growing benefits in fabric softeners, liquid hand soaps and body washes, and shampoos and conditioners, the latter contains extensive summaries of patents for various new products and technologies. The final chapter, dedicated to the manufacturing of liquid detergents, offers a discussion on continuous vs. batch processes and micro-contamination. The most comprehensive guide of its kind, Liquid Detergents, Second Edition, is a balanced and practical reference that will continue to inspire students, researchers, chemists, and product developers in detergent industry, surfactant science and industrial chemistry.

Advancing cost-effective methods using newly developed surfactants, De Based on papers presented at the World Detergent Conferences in Montre Balancing practical and theoretical concerns while promoting better pe Utilizing the editorFs more than 20 yearsF experience in the field and containing over 600 essential literature references, drawings, photog raphs, and tables, Detergency of Specialty Surfactants makes an ideal reference for physical, surface, colloid, oil, and cosmetic chemists; chemical engineers; materials scientists; and upper-level undergraduat e and graduate students in these disciplines.

The book summarizes and reviews the environmental and human safety of two classes of nonionic surfactants-alcohol ethoxylates (AE) and alkylphenol ethoxylates (APE). This unique resource contains critical data from published sources as well as from unpublished studies submitted by Soap and Detergent Association member companies. It reviews information on product chemistry and analysis, biodegradation, environmental levels (including fate and distribution), aquatic toxicity, and human safety. Recently developed analytical techniques for the extraction, separation, detection, and measurement of nonionic surfactants and their metabolites in environmental samples are described.
Results of biodegradation studies performed with a variety of test systems are tabulated, as are results of field studies at wastewater treatment plants. Reported comparisons of environmental levels with results of acute and chronic aquatic toxicity tests are provided. The information on the toxicity and irritation potential of AE and APE surfactants includes data from in vitro, mammalian, and human studies.

Surfactants are surface active agents, molecules that have a significant role in emulsions, suspensions, and foams. They find widespread application in personal care, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and the food industry. The main objective of this graduate level textbook is to present an overview of the classification, physical properties, phase behavior, their effects and applications of surfactants, e.g. as emulsifiers, foam stabilizer, in nano- and microemulsions and as wetting agents.

Microbially derived surfactants, called biosurfactants, provide a promising alternative to synthetic surfactants, displaying better availability and being generally nontoxic and biodegradable. Biosurfactants also have the advantage of diverse chemical properties and the potential to be less expensive. They demonstrate properties such as reducing surface tension, stabilizing emulsions, and promoting foaming. With many promising research results, a consolidated resource of biosurfactant knowledge is needed to build a framework for further development of applications. Biosurfactants: Research Trends and Applications fills this need, covering the latest research and development on relevant aspects of biological, biochemical, and physical processes and applications of biosurfactants. This book reviews current knowledge and the latest advances, strategies for improving production processes, and the status of biosynthetic and genetic regulation mechanisms for microbial surfactants. Chapters present research findings on specific biosurfactants, such as high surface activity rhamnolipids, yeast-derived sophorolipids, lipopeptides, and trehalose lipids that have potential for environmental, industrial, and medical uses. The book also describes sources and characteristics of marine microbial biosurfactants, biosurfactants made from food processing by-products and biosurfactants used in the food industry, and biosurfactants for green synthesis of nanoparticles. The text presents applications of biosurfactants in environmental industries and examines interactions between metals and various classes of biosurfactants and related metal remediation technologies. The final chapter reviews the state of the art of biosurfactants and their applications, and proposes approaches to overcome any challenges.

This sixth part of the multi-volume Handbook of Detergents focuses on the production of surfactants, builders and other key components of detergent formulations, including the various multi-dimensional aspects and implications on detergent formulations and applications domestically, institutionally, in industry and agriculture, with all the environmental consequences involved. Thus, Part F constitutes a comprehensive treatise of the multi-dimensional issues relating to this industry production technology, emphasizing the alignment of scientific knowledge and up-to-date technological and technical know-how with the relevant contemporary applied practice.

An international effort and industry-academia collaboration, this volume features expert contributions, focusing on the contemporary state-of-the-art concerning the many facets of the production of detergents and surfactants.

Thus, the Handbook of Detergents, Part F ? Production, deals with the production of anionic, cationic, nonionic, and amphoteric surfactants, key builders, bleaching and whitening agents, enzymes and other components of detergent formulations in different contexts, gauges and related concerns, and discusses various technological procedures of production processes involving the components of surfactants and detergents.