Sustainable Networks in Smart Grid presents global challenges in smart metering with renewable energy resources, micro-grid design, communication technologies, big data, privacy and security in the smart grid. Providing an overview of different available PLC technologies and configurations and their applications in different sectors, this book provides case studies and practical implementation details of smart grid technology, paying special attention to Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) scenarios with the presence of Distribution Grid (DG) and Electric Vehicles (EV). Covering regulatory policies for energy storage, management strategies for microgrid operation, and key performance indicators for smart grid development, this reference compiles up-to-date information on different aspects of the Internet of Smart Metering. In addition, innovative contributions on Data Analytics, Energy Theft Detection, Data-Driven Framework, Blockchain-IoT-enabled Sensor Networks, and Smart Contacts in the Blockchain are also included.

Decentralized Frameworks for Future Power Systems: Operation, Planning and Control Perspectives is the first book to consider the principles and applications of decentralized decision-making in future power networks. The work opens by defining the emerging power system network as a system-of-systems (SoS), exploring the guiding principles behind optimal solutions for operation and planning problems. Chapters emphasize the role of regulations, prosumption behaviors, and the implementation of transactive energy processes as key components in decentralizing power systems. Contributors explore local markets, distribution system operation and proactive load management. The role of cryptocurrencies in smoothing transactive distributional challenges are presented. Final sections cover energy system planning, particularly in terms of consumer smart meter technologies and distributed optimization methods, including artificial intelligence, meta-heuristic, heuristic, mathematical and hybrid approaches. The work closes by considering decentralization across the cybersecurity, distributed control, market design and power quality optimization vertices.

Power System Fault Diagnosis: A Wide Area Measurement Based Intelligent Approach is a comprehensive overview of the growing interests in efficient diagnosis of power system faults to reduce outage duration and revenue losses by expediting the restoration process. This book illustrates intelligent fault diagnosis schemes for power system networks, at both transmission and distribution levels, using data acquired from phasor measurement units. It presents the power grid modeling, fault modeling, feature extraction processes, and various fault diagnosis techniques, including artificial intelligence techniques, in steps. The book also incorporates uncertainty associated with line parameters, fault information (resistance and inception angle), load demand, renewable energy generation, and measurement noises.

Residual Current Devices: Selection, Operation, and Testing looks at the evolution in construction types of residual current devices and discusses the types and functional properties of contemporary systems. The principle of operation of elements is explained, along with the primary parameters of the devices and their selection and application, as well as the rules of backup protection of residual current devices. The requirements of the standards concerning the importance of obligatory use of devices are included, along with explanation of the needed protection in case of fault, additional protection, and protection against fire. The issue of residual current device operation in circuits with nonsinusoidal currents is detailed, giving special attention to the unique results of residual current device testing and tripping under distorted earth fault currents. In modern electrical and electronic installations, new complex challenges arise for designers and maintenance staff. This book is an essential guide to address those challenges, and its problem-solving section is useful for students, tutors, and academics, as well as engineers involved in the process of design, maintenance, and verification of safety in low-voltage electrical installations.

Scheduling and Operation of Virtual Power Plants: Technical Challenges and Electricity Markets provides a multidisciplinary perspective on recent advances in VPPs, ranging from required infrastructures and planning to operation and control. The work details the required components in a virtual power plant, including smartness of power system, instrument and information and communication technologies (ICTs), measurement units, and distributed energy sources. Contributors assess the proposed benefits of virtual power plant in solving problems of distributed energy sources in integrating the small, distributed and intermittent output of these units. In addition, they investigate the likely technical challenges regarding control and interaction with other entities. Finally, the work considers the role of VPPs in electricity markets, showing how distributed energy resources and demand response providers can integrate their resources through virtual power plant concepts to effectively participate in electricity markets to solve the issues of small capacity and intermittency. The work is suitable for experienced engineers, researchers, managers and policymakers interested in using VPPs in future smart grids.

Salinity Gradient Heat Engines classifies all the existing SGHEs and presents an in-depth analysis of their fundamentals, applications and perspectives. The main SGHEs analyzed in this publication are Osmotic, the Reverse Electrodialysis, and the Accumulator Mixing Heat Engines. The production and regeneration unit of both cycles are described and analyzed alongside the related economic and environmental aspects. This approach provides the reader with very thorough knowledge on how these technologies can be developed and implemented as a low-impact power generation technique, wherever low-temperature waste-heat is available. This book will also be a very beneficial resource for academic researchers and graduate students across various disciplines, including energy engineering, chemical engineering, chemistry, physics, electrical and mechanical engineering.

Physical Capital Development and Energy Transition in Latin America and the Caribbean introduces the reader to applied theory and potential solutions to manage the transition from fossil energies to renewables given the resource wealth and infrastructural limitations of Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries. The work presents consistent empirical approaches and relevant econometric approaches grounded in case studies that offer realistic portrayals of complex multidisciplinary phenomena. It provides policymakers with the knowledge needed for economic decision-making, especially regarding the energy transition and the physical capital development in the LAC (and similar developing regions). The work concludes by road mapping future LAC physical capital investment options to promote 21st-century sustainable energy development.

Power Processing Circuits Design seamlessly infuses important mathematical models and approaches into the optimization of power processing circuits and linear systems. The work unites a constellation of challenging mathematical topics centered on differential equations, linear algebra and implicit functions, with multiple perspectives from electrical, mathematical and physical viewpoints, including power handling components, power filtering and power regulation. Power applications covered encompass first order RC and RL, second order RLC circuits with periodic drives, constant current source, close-loop feedback practices, control loop types, linear regulator, switch-mode regulator and rotation control.

Microgrid Protection and Control is the result of numerous research works and publications by R&D engineers and scientists of the Microgrid and Energy Internet Research Centre. Through the authors long-routed experience in the microgrid and energy internet industry, this book looks at the sophisticated protection and control issues connected to the special nature of microgrid. The book explains the different ways of classifying types of microgrids and common misconceptions, looking at industrial and research trends along with the different technical issues and challenges faced with deploying microgrid in various settings. Forecasting short-term demand and renewable generation for optimal operation is covered with techniques for accurate enhancement supported with practical application examples. With chapters on dynamic, transient and tertiary control and experimental and simulation tests this reference is useful for all those working in the research, engineering and application of microgrids and power distribution systems.

Cyber-Physical Power System State Estimation updates classic state estimation tools to enable real-time operations and optimize reliability in modern electric power systems. The work introduces and contextualizes the core concepts and classic approaches to state estimation modeling. It builds on these classic approaches with a suite of data-driven models and non-synchronized measurement tools to reflect current measurement trends required by increasingly more sophisticated grids. Chapters outline core definitions, concepts and the network analysis procedures involved in the real-time operation of EPS. Specific sections introduce power flow problem in EPS, highlighting network component modeling and power flow equations for state estimation before addressing quasi static state estimation in electrical power systems using Weighted Least Squares (WLS) classical and alternatives formulations. Particularities of the state estimation process in distribution systems are also considered. Finally, the work goes on to address observability analysis, measurement redundancy and the processing of gross errors through the analysis of WLS static state estimator residuals.

Machine Learning and Data Science in the Power Generation Industry explores current best practices and quantifies the value-add in developing data-oriented computational programs in the power industry, with a particular focus on thoughtfully chosen real-world case studies. It provides a set of realistic pathways for organizations seeking to develop machine learning methods, with a discussion on data selection and curation as well as organizational implementation in terms of staffing and continuing operationalization. It articulates a body of case study-driven best practices, including renewable energy sources, the smart grid, and the finances around spot markets, and forecasting.

Distributed Energy Resources in Local Integrated Energy Systems: Optimal Operation and Planning reviews research and policy developments surrounding the optimal operation and planning of DER in the context of local integrated energy systems in the presence of multiple energy carriers, vectors and multi-objective requirements. This assessment is carried out by analyzing impacts and benefits at local levels, and in distribution networks and larger systems. These frameworks represent valid tools to provide support in the decision-making process for DER operation and planning. Uncertainties of RES generation and loads in optimal DER scheduling are addressed, along with energy trading and blockchain technologies. Interactions among various energy carriers in local energy systems are investigated in scalable and flexible optimization models for adaptation to a number of real contexts thanks to the wide variety of generation, conversion and storage technologies considered, the exploitation of demand side flexibility, emerging technologies, and through the general mathematical formulations established.

Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems and Microgrids covers the modeling and analysis for each type of integrated and operational hybrid energy system. Looking at the fundamentals for conventional energy systems, decentralized generation systems, RES technologies and hybrid integration of RES power plants, the most important contribution this book makes is combining emerging energy systems that improve micro and smart grid systems and their components. Sections cover traditional system characteristics, features, challenges and benefits of hybrid energy systems over the conventional power grid, the deployment of emerging power electronic technologies, and up-to-date electronic devices and systems, including AC and DC waveforms. Conventional, emerging and hierarchical control methods and technologies applied in microgrid operations are covered to give researchers and practitioners the information needed to ensure reliability, resilience and flexibility of implemented hybrid energy systems.

Low Carbon Energy Technologies for Sustainable Energy Systems examines, investigates, and integrates current research aimed at operationalizing low carbon technologies within complex transitioning energy economies. Scholarly research has traditionally focused on the technical aspects of exploitation, R&D, operation, infrastructure, and decommissioning, while approaches which can realistically inform their reception and scale-up across real societies and real markets are piecemeal and isolated in separate literatures. Addressing both the technical foundations of each technology together with the sociotechnical ways in which they are spread in markets and societies, this work integrates the technoeconomic assessment of low carbon technologies with direct discussion on legislative and regulatory policies in energy markets. Chapters address issues, such as social acceptance, consumer awareness, environmental valuation systems, and the circular economy, as low carbon technologies expand into energy systems sustainability, sensitivity, and stability. This collective research work is relevant to both researchers and practitioners working in sustainable energy systems. The combination of these features makes it a timely book that is useful and attractive to university students, researchers, academia, and public or private energy policy makers.

Variable Generation, Flexible Demand looks at a future in which power system researchers, operators and analysts need to predict variable renewable generation and schedule demand to match it. Contributors survey the significant expansion in the role of flexible demand in balancing supply and demand in conjunction with flexible generation in 'peaking plants' and energy storage as the proportion of variable renewable generation rises in many systems across the world. Supported with case studies, the book examines practical ways that demand flexibility can play a constructive role as more systems move towards higher levels of renewable generation in their electricity mix.

Power Quality in Modern Power Systems presents an overview of power quality problems in electrical power systems, for identifying pitfalls and applying the fundamental concepts for tackling and maintaining the electrical power quality standards in power systems. It covers the recent trends and emerging topics of power quality in large scale renewable energy integration, electric vehicle charging stations, voltage control in active distribution network and solutions to integrate large scale renewable energy into the electric grid with several case studies and real-time examples for power quality assessments and mitigations measures. This book will be a practical guide for graduate and post graduate students of electrical engineering, engineering professionals, researchers and consultants working in the area of power quality.

Simulation of Software Tools for Electrical Systems: Theory and Practice offers engineers and students what they need to update their understanding of software tools for electric systems, along with guidance on a variety of tools on which to model electrical systems-from device level to system level. The book uses MATLAB, PSIM, Pspice and PSCAD to discuss how to build simulation models of electrical systems that assist in the practice or implementation of simulation software tools in switches, circuits, controllers, instruments and automation system design. In addition, the book covers power electronic switches and FACTS controller device simulation model building with the use of Labview and PLC for industrial automation, process control, monitoring and measurement in electrical systems and hybrid optimization software HOMER is presented for researchers in renewable energy systems.

Modelling, Assessment, and Optimization of Energy Systems provides comprehensive methodologies for the thermal modelling of energy systems based on thermodynamic, exergoeconomic and exergoenviromental approaches. It provides advanced analytical approaches, assessment criteria and the methodologies to obtain analytical expressions from the experimental data. The concept of single-objective and multi-objective optimization with application to energy systems is provided, along with decision-making tools for multi-objective problems, multi-criteria problems, for simplifying the optimization of large energy systems, and for exergoeconomic improvement integrated with a simulator EIS method. This book provides a comprehensive methodology for modeling, assessment, improvement of any energy system with guidance, and practical examples that provide detailed insights for energy engineering, mechanical engineering, chemical engineering and researchers in the field of analysis and optimization of energy systems.

Protection Technologies of Ultra-High-Voltage AC Transmission Systems considers the latest research on UHV, UHV transmission line electromagnetic field, transmission line parameters, and tower structures, with a focus on protective relaying of UHV transmission systems. This book gives insights into protective relaying of UHV AC transmission systems and sheds light on the conundrum of protective relaying for the EHV systems. In addition, it elaborates on both traditional relaying and the application of new type current differential protection, distance protection and automatic reclosing, as well as protective schemes for transformers and reactors in UHV transmission systems. This resource will serve as an important reference for technical personnel in network design and operation, as well as students and engineers in related engineering areas.

Simulation of Power Electronics Converters Using PLECS (R) is a guide to simulating a power electronics circuit using the latest powerful software for power electronics circuit simulation purposes. This book assists engineers gain an increased understanding of circuit operation so they can, for a given set of specifications, choose a topology, select appropriate circuit component types and values, estimate circuit performance, and complete the design by ensuring that the circuit performance will meet specifications even with the anticipated variations in operating conditions and circuit component values. This book covers the fundamentals of power electronics converter simulation, along with an analysis of power electronics converters using PLECS. It concludes with real-world simulation examples for applied content, making this book useful for all those in the electrical and electronic engineering field.

Design and Operation of heat Exchangers and Their Networks presents a comprehensive and detailed analysis on the thermal design methods for the most common types of heat exchangers, with a focus on their networks, simulation procedures for their operations, and measurement of their thermal performances. The book addresses the fundamental theories and principles of heat transfer performance of heat exchangers and their applications and then applies them to the use of modern computing technology. Topics discussed include cell methods for condensers and evaporators, dispersion models for heat exchangers, experimental methods for the evaluation of heat exchanger performance, and thermal calculation algorithms for multi-stream heat exchangers and heat exchanger networks.

Solar Hydrogen Production: Processes, Systems and Technologies presents the most recent developments in solar-driven hydrogen generation methods. The book covers different hydrogen production routes, from renewable sources, to solar harvesting technologies. Sections focus on solar energy, presenting the main thermal and electrical technologies suitable for possible integration into solar-based hydrogen production systems and present a thorough examination of solar hydrogen technologies, ranging from solar-driven water electrolysis and solar thermal methods, to photo-catalytic and biological processes. All hydrogen-based technologies are covered, including data regarding the state-of-the art of each process in terms of costs, efficiency, measured parameters, experimental analyses, and demonstration projects. In the last part of the book, the role of hydrogen in the integration of renewable sources in electric grids, transportation sector, and end-user applications is assessed, considering their current status and future perspectives. The book includes performance data, tables, models and references to available standards. It is thus a key-resource for engineering researchers and scientists, in both academic and industrial contexts, involved in designing, planning and developing solar hydrogen systems.

Practical Power System and Protective Relays Commissioning is a unique collection of the most important developments in the field of power system setup. It includes simple explanations and cost affordable models for operating engineers. The book explains the theory of power system components in a simple, clear method that also shows how to apply different commissioning tests for different protective relays. The book discusses scheduling for substation commissioning and how to manage available resources to efficiently complete projects on budget and with optimal use of resources.

This revised third edition of Power Generation Technologies explores even more renewable technologies in detail, from traditional fossil fuels and the more established alternatives such as wind and solar power, to emerging renewables such as biomass and geothermal energy. The book also features new expanded chapters on tidal project proposals, tidal bunds, enhanced geothermal technology, fast-moving areas in marine energy and the development of floating wind turbines. Power Generation Technologies is more than just an account of the technologies - for each method the author explores the economic and environmental costs and risk factors. Each technology is covered using the same basic criteria, so that comparisons between technologies can be made more easily. Those who are involved in planning and delivering energy, including engineers, managers and policy makers, will find a guide through the minefield of maintaining a reliable power supply, meeting targets on greenhouse gas emissions, and addressing economic and social objectives in this book.

Modeling and Control of Power Electronics Converter Systems for Power Quality Improvements provides grounded theory for the modeling, analysis and control of different converter topologies that improve the power quality of mains. Intended for researchers and practitioners working in the field, topics include modeling equations and the state of research to improve power quality converters. By presenting control methods for different converter topologies and aspects related to multi-level inverters and specific analysis related to the AC interface of drives, the book helps users by putting a particular emphasis on different control algorithms that enhance knowledge and research work.