This book presents what are possibly the greatest advances in astronomy and physics for years. It quantifies the force responsible for the expansion of the universe and describes its source. It identifies the greatest destructive mechanism in the universe. The enigmas behind the Hubble constant were resolved and this led to all the discoveries. The mysteries behind dark matter and dark energy are solved. The cause of all solar energy, including gravitational and radiant energy is identified. Surprisingly hydrogen fusion is found to be responsible for the sun's remarkable prolonged stability, but it is an impossible source of surplus energy. The most unexpected finding was that time has an unusual property, one that is responsible for much of the behaviour of the universe. Also uncovered was an inverse relationship between time and mass. Another finding was the greatest catastrophe to befall the earth with after effects that we still feel today, such as shifting plate tectonics, tsunamis and earthquakes, and why the Pacific Ocean is so deep. That catastrophe led to Snowball Earth. But it also eventually caused the oxygenation of earth's atmosphere and the emergence of life. Also found were why Jupiter is so hot compared with its surroundings and what drives its equatorial storms. Another discovery was the mechanism responsible for Saturn's marvellous ring system. Also identified within that ring system was the physics behind the most spectacular sight in the solar system. But there are many other discoveries, such as that the theory of the Big Bang must be wrong, the quantification of gravitational energy and so on. This book should do to Astronomy what Darwin's book The Origin of Species did to biology.

The publication of this volume coincides with the 55th anni versary of the discovery of the neutron and Landau's suggestion at the time that one could make stars out of the new particles. This year also marks the twenty-fifth anniversary of the detection of Sco X-I, the first known X-ray binary system, and follows by just twenty years Jocelyn Bell Burnell's discovery of that "little bit of scruff" o her chart record that led to the recognition of radio pulsars. As Q. Y. Qu, President of Nanjing University noted in his welcoming address, however, Chinese astronomers have been observing the consequences of neutron star formation for several millenia. It was appropriate, then, that this Symposium, the first Interna tional Astronomical Union meeting ever to be held in the Peoples Republic of China, be devoted to the topic of neutron stars. IAU Symposium Number 125, "The Origin and Evolution of Neutron Stars," was convened on the morning of May 26, 1986 at Nanj ing University, Nanjing, Peoples Republic of China. One hundred and thirty-nine participants from fifteen countries, including over eighty-five scientists who were visiting China for the first time, met each day for the following week to discuss where neutron stars come from, how they evolve, and where they go. The meeting was judged, by unanimous acclaim of the participants, to be a scienti fic, cultural, and culinary success."

Astrobiology is a very broad interdisciplinary field covering the origin, evolution, distribution, and destiny of life in the universe, as well as the design and implementation of missions for solar system exploration. A review covering its complete spectrum has been missing at a level accessible even to the non-specialist.
The last section of the book consists of a supplement, including a glossary, notes, and tables, which represent highly condensed windows' into research ranging from basic sciences to earth and life sciences, as well as the humanities.
These additions should make The New Science of Astrobiology accessible to a wide readership: scientists, humanists, and the general reader will have an opportunity to participate in one of the most rewarding activities of contemporary culture.

It is good to mark the new Millennium by looking back as well as forward. Whatever Shines Should Be Observed looks to the nineteenth century to celebrate the achievements of five distinguished women, four of whom were born in Ireland while the fifth married into an Irish family, who made pioneering contributions to photography, microscopy, astronomy and astrophysics.

The women featured came from either aristocratic or professional families. Thus, at first sight, they had many material advantages among their peers. In the ranks of the aristocracy there was often a great passion for learning, and the mansions in which these families lived contained libraries, technical equipment (microscopes and telescopes) and collections from the world of nature. More modest professional households of the time were rich in books, while activities such as observing the stars, collecting plants etc. typically formed an integral part of the children's education.

To balance this it was the prevailing philosophy that boys could learn, in addition to basic subjects, mathematics, mechanics, physics, chemistry and classical languages, while girls were channelled into 'polite' subjects like music and needlework. This arrangement allowed boys to progress to University should they so wish, where a range of interesting career choices (including science and engineering) was open to them. Girls, on the other hand, usually received their education at home, often under the tutelage of a governess who would not herself had had any serious contact with scientific or technical subjects. In particular, progress to University was not during most of the nineteenth century an option for women, and access toscientific libraries and institutions was also prohibited.

Although those women with aristocratic and professional backgrounds were in a materially privileged position and had an opportunity to 'see' through the activities of their male friends and relatives how professional scientific life was lived, to progress from their places in society to the professions required very special determination. Firstly, they had to individually acquire scientific and technical knowledge, as well as necessary laboratory methodology, without the advantage of formal training. Then, it was necessary to carve out a niche in a particular field, despite the special difficulties attending the publication of scientific books or articles by a woman. There was no easy road to science, or even any well worn track. To achieve recognition was a pioneering activity without discernible ground rules.

With the hindsight of history, we recognise that the heroic efforts which the women featured in this volume made to overcome the social constraints that held them back from learning about, and participating in, scientific and technical subjects, had a consequence on a much broader canvas. In addition to what they each achieved professionally they contributed within society to a gradual erosion of those barriers raised against the participation of women in academic life, thereby assisting in allowing University places and professional opportunities to gradually become generally available. It is a privilege to salute and thank the wonderful women of the nineteenth century herein described for what they have contributed to the women of today. William Herschel's famous motto quicquid nitet notandum (whatever shinesshould be observed) applies in a particular way to the luminous quality of their individual lives, and those of us who presently observe their shining, as well as those who now wait in the wings of the coming centuries to emerge upon the scene, can each see a little further by their light.

This book presents novel observational evidence toward detecting and characterizing the products of massive, interacting binary stars. As a majority of massive stars are born in close binary systems, a large number of so-called massive binary interaction products are predicted to exist; however, few have been identified so far. Based on observations with the largest telescopes around the world, equipped with state-of-the-art instrumentation, this book helps to remedy this situation. In her outstanding PhD-thesis Julia Bodensteiner identifies a new class of post-interaction binaries in a short-lived phase just briefly after the initially more massive star has been stripped of part of its envelope. She further provides new evidence for the Be phenomenon to largely result from binary interactions. These results represented a new and testable prediction for the evolution of these stars and opened up a new way forward for identifying hundreds of post-interaction products. Finally, using the MUSE integral field spectrograph at the Very Large Telescope in Chile, the author presents a novel spectroscopic campaign focusing on the 40 Myr-old star cluster NGC 330 in the Small Magellanic Clouds. Combined with photometric observations from the Hubble Space Telescope, the MUSE data allow to characterize the entire massive star population of NGC 330, revealing their multiplicity properties and rotational velocities and providing unique observational constraints on their (binary) evolution history. This is made possible by the developments of novel numerical methods allowing to extract star spectra from the MUSE integral field spectroscopic data and to characterize their properties by the simultaneous comparison of MUSE spectroscopy and Hubble photometry with atmospheric models. This book is a partly re-written version of the author's thesis offering a highly readable coherent text presenting not only new insights into the properties of binary interaction products but also giving students an excellent introduction into the field.

The uses of time in astronomy - from pointing telescopes, coordinating and processing observations, predicting ephemerides, cultures, religious practices, history, businesses, determining Earth orientation, analyzing time-series data and in many other ways - represent a broad sample of how time is used throughout human society and in space. Time and its reciprocal, frequency, is the most accurately measurable quantity and often an important path to the frontiers of science. But the future of timekeeping is changing with the development of optical frequency standards and the resulting challenges of distributing time at ever higher precision, with the possibility of timescales based on pulsars, and with the inclusion of higher-order relativistic effects. The definition of the second will likely be changed before the end of this decade, and its realization will increase in accuracy; the definition of the day is no longer obvious. The variability of the Earth's rotation presents challenges of understanding and prediction. In this symposium speakers took a closer look at time in astronomy, other sciences, cultures, and business as a defining element of modern civilization. The symposium aimed to set the stage for future timekeeping standards, infrastructure, and engineering best practices for astronomers and the broader society. At the same time the program was cognizant of the rich history from Harrison's chronometer to today's atomic clocks and pulsar observations. The theoreticians and engineers of time were brought together with the educators and historians of science, enriching the understanding of time among both experts and the public.

The 1994 Cargese Summer Institute on Frontiers in Partide Physics was organized by the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris (M. Levy), the Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris (J. Iliopoulos), the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (R. Gastmans), and the Uni- versite Catholique de Louvain (J. -M. Gerard), which, since 1975, have joined their efforts and worked in common. It was the eleventh Summer Institute on High Energy Physics organized jointly at Cargese by three of these universities. Severa! new frontiers in partide physics were thoroughly discussed at this school. the new euergy range in deep-iuelastic electron-proton scattering is beiug In particular, explored by HERA (DESY, Hamburg), and Professor A. De Roeck described the first results from the H1 and Zeus experiments, while Professors A. H. Mueller aud Z. Kuuszt discussed their relevance from the theoretical point of view. Also, the satellite exper- iments offer new possibilities for exploring the links between astrophysics, cosmology, and partide physics. A critica] a. nalysis of these experiments was performed by Pro- fessor B. Sadoulet, and Professor M. Spiro made the connection with the results from earth-based neutrino experiments. Finally, much attentiou was giveu to the latest re- sults from the TEVATRON (Fermilab, USA), showing further evidence for the loug awaited top quark. Professor A. Tollestrup gave a detailed presentation of these results aud discussed their importance for the Standard Model.

The aim of this volume of scientific essays is twofold. On the one hand, by remembering the scientific figure of Eduardo R. Caianiello, it aims at focusing on his outstanding contributions - from theoretical physics to cybernetics - which after so many years still represent occasion of innovative paths to be fruitfully followed. It must be stressed the contribution that his interdisciplinary methodology can still be of great help in affording and solving present day complex problems. On the other hand, it aims at pinpointing with the help of the scientists contributing to the volume - some crucial problems in present day research in the fields of interest of Eduardo Caianiello and which are still among the main lines of investigation of some of the Institutes founded by Eduardo (Istituto di Cibernetica del CNR, IIAS, etc).

The main purpose of this book is to introduce the reader to the subject of solar activity and the connection with Earth's climate. It commences with a brief review of the historical progress on the understanding of the solar-terrestrial connection and moves on to an objective scrutiny of the various hypothesis. The text focuses on how knowledge about the solar cycle and Earth's climate is obtained. It includes discussion of observations, methods and the physics involved, with the necessary statistics and analysis also provided, including an examination of empirical relations between sunspots and the Earth's climate. The author reviews plausible physical mechanisms involved in any links between the solar cycle and the Earth's climate, emphasizing the use of established scientific methods for testing hypothesized relationships.

This biography gives an insider view of 20th century German science in the making. The discovery by Max von Laue in 1912 of interference effects demonstrated the wave-like nature of X-rays and the atomic lattice structure of crystals. This major advance for research on solids earned him the Nobel Prize two years later, the ultimate acclaim as an exceptional theoretician. As an early supporter of Einstein's relativity theory, he published fundamental papers on light scattering as well as on matter waves and superconductivity. Laue may be counted among the few persons of influence in Germany who - as Einstein put it - managed to "stay morally upright" under Nazism. It is thus surprising that this is the first extensive biography of this famous scientist. Jost Lemmerich could hardly have been better equipped to describe German physics and physicists in the 1920s. His copiously illustrated historical account is based as much on scientific material as on private correspondence, creating a fascinating and convincingly detailed portrait.

"Revolution and Pedagogy" explores the tensions between and within the processes of revolutionary pedagogical change and continuity. Focusing on those enacting pedagogical contexts, E. Thomas Ewing's collection provides an innovative and sophisticated exploration of complex directions and forces. These revolutions include the struggle for independence in the Philippines, the Russian revolution that led to communist Soviet Union, the Egyptian campaigns against British colonial authority, the development of Kurdish national identity in the context of Turkey's modernization, radical and reformist educational movements in Western Europe and the Americas, the Palestinian struggle for self-determination, and the contemporary debate over national and religious identity in India. "Revolution and Pedagogy" examines conventional topics such as school policies and curriculum content, as well as more non-traditional pedagogies such as public celebrations of holidays, participation in international exchange programs, and the incarceration of political activists. The geographically diverse contributors from a wide range of disciplinary approaches produce interdisciplinary and transnational perspectives on education and revolution.

Introd uction The problem of integrability or nonintegrability of dynamical systems is one of the central problems of mathematics and mechanics. Integrable cases are of considerable interest, since, by examining them, one can study general laws of behavior for the solutions of these systems. The classical approach to studying dynamical systems assumes a search for explicit formulas for the solutions of motion equations and then their analysis. This approach stimulated the development of new areas in mathematics, such as the al gebraic integration and the theory of elliptic and theta functions. In spite of this, the qualitative methods of studying dynamical systems are much actual. It was Poincare who founded the qualitative theory of differential equa tions. Poincare, working out qualitative methods, studied the problems of celestial mechanics and cosmology in which it is especially important to understand the behavior of trajectories of motion, i.e., the solutions of differential equations at infinite time. Namely, beginning from Poincare systems of equations (in connection with the study of the problems of ce lestial mechanics), the right-hand parts of which don't depend explicitly on the independent variable of time, i.e., dynamical systems, are studied.

This volume contains the fifteenth tri-annual reports of the Presidents of the forty Commissions of the International Astronomical Union; it refers to the progress in our discipline during the three years 1970, 1971 and 1972. As compared to earlier volumes a gradual change in character is unmistakable. The ever increasing flow of publications, combined with the obvious necessity to keep the Reports at a reasonable size and price level has gradually forced the Commission Presidents to be more selective than before in drafting their Reports. I have certainly stimulated them into that direction - in order that Reports like these be valuable and lasting, it seems imperative that the individual contributions have the character of a critical overall review, where a fairly complete summary is given of the major develop ments and discoveries of the past three years, and in which the broad developments and new trends be clearly outlined, while at the same time essential problems for future research are identified. With respect to the latter item I have suggested the Commission Presidents to add to their reports a brief section on scientific priorities for future research in the field of their Commissions. In order to save space I have suggested to Commission Presidents that references to published papers are given on the basis of their number in the published issues of Astronomy and Astrophysics Abstracts. For instance, the indication (06. 078. 019) or (AAA 06. 078."

The study of the fine structure of solar radio emissions is key to understanding plasma processes in the solar corona. It remains a reliable means for both diagnosing the corona and verifying the results of laboratory plasma experiments on wave-wave and wave-particle interactions. This monograph provides a comprehensive review of the fine structure of solar radio bursts. Based on the diversity of experimental data resulting from the progress made in observational techniques, the validity of various theoretical models is reexamined. The book serves as an up-to-date reference work for all researchers in this field.

ROSAT Observations G. HASINGER Max-Planck-Institut flir extraterrestrische Physik, D-85740 Garching, Germany Abstract. This review describes the most recent advances in the study of the extragalactic soft X-ray background and what we can learn about its constituents. The deepest pointed observations with the ROSAT PSPC are discussed. The logN-logS relation is presented, which reaches to the faintest X-ray fluxes and to the highest AGN surface densities ever achieved. The N(>S) relation shows a 2 density in excess of 400 deg- at the faintest fluxes and a flattening below the Einstein Deep Survey limit. About 60% of the extragalactic background has been resolved in the deepest field. Detailed source spectra and first optical and radio identifications will be discussed. The results are put into perspective of the higher energy X -ray background. Key words: X-rays, background radiations, active galactic nuclei. 1. Introduction The extragalactic X-ray background (XRB), discovered about 30 years ago, has been studied extensively with many X-ray experiments, in particular with the satel lites HEAO I and II (see ego Boldt 1987) and with ROSAT (e. g. Hasinger et aI. , 1993). Figure 1 shows a compilation of some of the most recent spectral measure ments for the X-ray background. Over the energy range from 3 to about 100 keY its spectrum can be well approximated by an optically thin thermal bremsstrahlung model with kT ~ 40 keY, while at lower X-ray energies a steepening into a new component has been observed observed (e. g.

This book describes the basic concepts of spacecraft operations for both manned and unmanned missions. The first part of the book provides a brief overview of the space segment. The next four parts deal with the classic areas of space flight operations: mission operations, communications and infrastructure, the flight dynamics system, and the mission planning system. This is followed by a part describing the operational tasks of the various subsystems of a classical satellite in Earth orbit. The last part describes the special requirements of other mission types due to the presence of astronauts, the approach of a satellite to another target satellite, or leaving Earth orbit in interplanetary missions and landing on other planets and moons. The 2nd edition is published seven years after the first edition. It contains four new chapters on flight procedures, the human factors, ground station operation, and software and systems. In addition, several chapters have been extensively expanded. The entire book has been brought up to date and the language has been revised. This book is based on the "Spacecraft Operations Course" held at the German Space Operations Center. However, the target audience of this book is not only the participants of the course, but also students of technical and scientific courses, as well as technically interested people who want to gain a deeper understanding of spacecraft operations.

Seen from "inside the IAU," this book tells the in-depth story of a major crisis in which China "divorced" from the International Astronomical Union in 1960 as a protest against the admission of Taiwan. This happened to all the scientific unions at the same time, and to the Olympic Games, which, unexpectedly, would serve as a laboratory for the "reconciliation" which took place following the re-opening of China to the world 20 years later. The so-called "China conflict" is the most important crisis in the post-WWII history of the IAU. Yet, many details about this conflict and its links to broader geopolitical events have long remained unsettled, obscure, or altogether absent. In particular, the book describes for the first time the "separation" period, which covered the Cultural Revolution, and in which the IAU made desperate official efforts to reach out to China, while some groups of Western and Chinese astronomers managed to keep contact at times. On the occasion of the IAU Centenary celebrations in 2019, the book revisits this painful succession of events using unpublished documents from the IAU Archives and the International Council of Scientific Unions. The book also contains supplementary typescripts of selected handwritten correspondences and the full translation of key original Chinese documents unknown to readers outside China. What emerges is a complex and fascinating story of human relations and science diplomacy under the shadow of the Cold War. Readers will learn how the 20-year "China conflict" as lived by astronomers and scientists is important not only for the history of the IAU, but also for the history of contemporary China. "This book is full of so many original documents of the IAU office, very reliable and good to open to the public readers." Shuhua Ye, Shanghai Observatory (IAU Vice-President, 1988-1994) This book is a companion book to "Astronomers as Diplomats," published at the same time in the same series.