This book, first published in 1989, surveys higher education in preparation for business careers, particularly the fledgling profession of accounting. Examining the origins of English schooling for merchants, it brings to light articles and writers from the eighteenth century who proposed a liberal education for business - a key part of the development of the history of accounting.

This book, first published in 1989, reproduces and assesses several key works from the beginnings of the profession of accountancy. The articles featured partly formed the origins of American accountancy, and as such are extremely valuable reference resources for the historian of the profession.

This book, first published in 1988, reassesses the data on Church - accountant, manager and industrial engineer - and stresses the theoretical impact of his ideas upon contemporary business structures as well as his practical desire to implement concepts to better the working man's day. The past impact of engineers and engineering concepts on accounting and management has previously been overlooked, and this book corrects this. The discussion herein may inspire a much-needed dialogue among engineers, accountants and managers.

This book, first published in 1997, analyses the development of Dutch financial reporting. A process of change in international financial reporting began in the early 1960s, and this book examines the roles of voluntary and legislated improvements on financial information disclosure.

This book, first published in 1879 and reissued by Garland in 1984, analyses through the evidence from the original trial the collapse of the City of Glasgow Bank in 1878, and the reasons behind it. A history of gross mismanagement had been concealed by the directors by deceits facilitated by the absence of an independent audit.

This book, first published in 1954, analyses the history of the world's oldest accountancy body, the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland. Chapters cover the history of Scottish accountants from the earliest times; review the position of the practicing accountant; assess the work of the Institute; examine the position of the accountant in commerce, industry or government service; and deal with the training and examination of accountants.

This book, first published in 1989, contains reprints of the early periodical on accounting, The Book-Keeper. It dealt with 'historical reviews of methods and systems in all ages and by all nations. Elucidations of accounts, introducing new and simplified features of accounting. Problems from the counting-room discussed and explained. Instructive notes upon plans and methods of book-keeping in every department of trade, commerce and industry.' The journal is a primary source for students interested in the history of accounting.

This book, first published in 1988, studies the changes in selected annual corporate financial reporting practices in Canada from 1900 to 1970, and examines the background and processes that have influenced such changes. Knowledge of how financial reporting practices evolved and what influenced their evolution is key to understanding current financial reporting and in influencing further change.

The 40th annual edition of the leading guide to taxation in Britain. This practical and user-friendly guide is a bestseller with students, professionals, accountants and private individuals; explaining in simple terms how the UK tax system works and how best to minimise tax liabilities.

The evolution of business history offers some radical ways forward for a discipline which is rich in potential. This shortform book offers an expert overview of how the field has relevance for contemporary business studies as well as the social sciences more broadly, as well as practitioners interested in historical perspectives. This book not only provides a comprehensive review of how the discipline of business history has evolved over the last century, but it also lays out an agenda for the next decade. Focusing specifically on the 'three pillars' of research, teaching and practical impact, the authors have outlined how while the first has flourished across many continents, the latter two are struggling to overcome significant challenges associated with how the discipline is perceived, especially in the social sciences. A solution is proposed that would involve academics working more closely with practitioners, thereby increasing the discipline's credibility across key stakeholders. The work here presented provides a concise and easily digestible overview of the topic which will be of interest to scholars, researchers and advanced students focusing on the evolution of business history and its impact on the way the world conducts business today.

"Margins of Error in Accounting" covers the main reasons why published company accounts cannot be completely 'accurate' and the likely extent of the resulting errors. Separate chapters cover: the 'interim-ness' of accounts; the use of current value estimates; the cumulative effect of inflation on money as the unit of account.

Frank Fabozzi and Chuck Ramsey update their treatise on nonagency mortgage backed securities in this third edition of The Handbook of Nonagency Mortgage Backed Securities. Focused on an important investing area that continues to grow, this book provides comprehensive coverage of all aspects of this specialized market sector, including the mortgage-related asset-backed securities market and commercial mortgage-backed securities. There is information on raw products, such as jumbo loans, alternative A mortgages, and 125 LTV mortgages, as well as structured products, analytical techniques, prepayment characteristics, and credit issues. This fast-growing segment also includes nonagency pass through, nonagency collateralized mortgage obligations, home loan equity-backed securities, and manufacture housing loan backed securities.

A well developed system of internatinal accounting is essential, if an accounting order, one that serves as a basis and guarantee for the conduct of business and economic growth, is to be created. Similarly, essential to the creation of an economic order is economic development. Riahi-Belkaoui explicates the relationship between accounting and economic order and between that and the determinants of accounting development. He then studies the relationship between accounting and economic development, and between their respective determinants. Accountants, specialists and executives concerned with economic development will find the book an important addition to their most necessary professional resources.

Riahi-Belkaoui provides evidence for the determinants and implications of economic development, and the role and the determinants of disclosure adequacy along seven dimensions: human and economic development; political, financial, and economic risk; human and economic development; managerial, academic, and professional influences; welfare of the common man; economic, political, and civil indicators, and the determinants for predicting performance of earnings forecasts. He also examines the role of country return and risk in such matters as disclosure adequacy, the prediction of performance of earnings forecasts, and the levels of financial disclosure by European firms. He then discusses the role and impact of cultural determinism and its affect on the systematic risk of global stock exchanges, compensation practices, professional self-regulation in attounting. and the perception of accounting concepts.

Spending on M&A has, in aggregate, grown so fast that it has even overtaken capital expenditure on increasing and maintaining physical assets. Yet McKinsey, the leading management consultancy, reports that "Anyone who has researched merger success rates knows that roughly 70% fail". The idea that businesses might be using huge and increasing sums of shareholders' money for an activity that more often than not leads to failure calls into question the information on which M&A decisions are based. This book presents statistical studies, case material, and standard-setters' opinions on company accounting before, during, and after M&A. It documents the manipulation of annual accounts by acquirers ahead of share for share bids, biased forecasts of post-merger earnings by bidders, and devices to flatter earnings when recording the deal. It explores the challenges for standard-setters in regulating information flows during and after M&A, and for account-users wishing to learn from financial statements how a deal has affected performance. Drawing on a wide range of international examples, this readable book is targeted not just at accounting specialists but at anyone who is comfortable reading the serious financial press, is intrigued by what is going on in the massive M&A market, and is concerned with achieving better-informed M&A. As such it might be of particular interest to business executives, lawyers, bankers, and investors involved in M&A as well as graduate students interested in researching or learning about the role of accounting in M&A.

Almost all economists, whether classical, neoclassical or Marxist, have failed in their analyses of capitalism to consider the underpinning systems of accounting. This book draws attention to this lacuna, focusing specifically on the concept of capital: a major concept that dominates all teaching and practice in both economics and management. It is argued that while for the practitioners of capitalism - in accounting and business - the capital in their accounts is a debt to be repaid (or a thing to be kept), for economists, it has been considered a means (or even a resource or an asset) intended to be worn out. This category error has led to economists failing to comprehend the true nature of capitalism. On this basis, this book proposes a new definition of capitalism that brings about considerable changes in the attitude to be had towards this economic system, in particular, the means to bring about its replacement. This book will be of significant interest to readers of political economy, history of economic thought, critical accounting and heterodox economics.

Starting with the first "scientific" economists such as Cantillon (1755) and Quesnay (1758) and ending with Piketty (2019), this book explores the treatment of the concept of capital in the history of accounting and economic thought. The work provides a rare juxtaposition of the reasoning, discourse and writings of accountants and economists. With regard to 'capital', this approach highlights the ongoing struggle between these "uncongenial twins" - as Kenneth Boulding put it - for primacy in analysing, and utilising, capitalism. But if they are certainly "uncongenial", the book also argues that it is wrong to ever classify these two disciplines as "twins" because they have taken very different paths ever since scientism came to dominate in economics and ethical and moral considerations were put to one side. This book will be of significant interest to readers to history of economic thought, critical accounting and heterodox economics.

This study investigated the management of intellectual capital (observed as internal capital, external capital, and human capital) as a tool for non-financial organizational performance (observed as effectiveness, efficiency, and reputation). The study used self-administered survey questionnaires to collect data on both the intellectual capital and non-financial organizational performance aspects of the Malaysian public sector which has undergone a radical transformation through New Public Management Reforms. The total number of participants was 1,092 covering the three levels (federal, state, and the local governments) of the government. The results of the survey questionnaire were analyzed using a multivariate Structural Equation Model, and revealed that there is a significant and positive relationship between intellectual capital and performance. Findings provide useful input to policymakers into the review of the relevant intellectual capital resources, and on improving the public sector performance. From a practical perspective, one way of increasing the level of public sector performance is to tie performance to intellectual capital.

A complete, compact guide to business valuation in divorce litigation

The Handbook for Divorce Valuations is a comprehensive, practical handbook that covers every aspect of the CPA's role in divorce proceedings. It offers clear and detailed coverage of everything from the impact of state law on the practice to the applicability of various valuation methodologies, from establishing valuation credentials to marketing the divorce practice in a highly competitive environment.

The authors, who have a combined total of more than 50 years' experience in divorce practice, lead the reader through each step of a divorce engagement. They recommend the most practical and efficient methods of addressing each issue and point out hazards and potential difficulties along the way. They also explain why and how business valuation in divorce practice differs from valuation in other situations, and they examine the intricacies of data collection and analysis, finding and using industry and comparable company information, discounts and premiums, preparing for depositions and trials, and much more.

For any CPA who works, or is considering working, on family law matters, The Handbook for Divorce Valuations is an incomparable resource that helps practitioners provide the highest level of service to their clients.

A CPA who accepts a business valuation engagement in a family law setting embarks on a unique mission. In most states, business valuations linked to divorce proceedings are governed by different laws than those that apply to other valuations, and because the CPA has become an advocate for one side in an adversarial process, the findings of the valuation are sure to be challenged aggressively by representatives of the other side. Since neither business valuation strategies nor expert witness skills are part of the curriculum of any undergraduate accounting program, CPAs have generally had to acquire them through trial and, unfortunately, error until now.

The Handbook for Divorce Valuations offers practical coverage of every aspect of business valuation in the context of a divorce. From engagement acceptance and administration to divorce-related valuation issues and appearing as an expert witness, this comprehensive guide shows practitioners how to provide the highest level of service in divorce litigation. It helps CPAs:

• Prepare detailed, comprehensive reports on business valuation engagements
• Make the most of guidelines company- and industry-specific information
• Collect and analyze relevant data
• Choose the best valuation methodology
• Prepare for depositions and trials
• Put forth best effort on direct examination
• Survive cross-examination

Divorce litigants depend on thorough, competent professionals to represent their interests. The Handbook for Divorce Valuations helps practitioners ensure that their clients will receive the very best possible representation.

"Once again, Bragg has turned his discerning eye and formidable talents on a topic and the results are outstanding. Both those new to the business and the long-established entrepreneur will benefit greatly when he joins forces with E. James Burton to produce this outstanding work."
--Mary S. Schaeffer, Editorial Director "Accounts Payable Now & Tomorrow"

"I use the tips and practices found in this book] all through the year. They are clear, direct, and efficient-which, in turn, improves our company and our bottom line. I recommend this book] to anyone wanting to improve their own bottom line."
--D. R. Drum, CIO, CSO Engineering/Accounting, Dragon Moon Productions

"Eminently accessible, this book is a must-read for the entrepreneur, both new and established alike. Organizationally, the work flows smoothly and logically in a way that is valuable for the start-up as well as the veteran needing a refresher on specific aspects of the small business accounting/financing picture. I found particularly useful the rich resourcefulness that Messrs Burton and Bragg brought to the table in compiling the essential checklists for every conceivable corner of the entrepreneur's financial realm from fraud prevention to financing options. As a small business owner myself, I was well pleased with the real-world guidance and instant 'useability' this book offers."
--David Struthers, JDFacilitator/Trial Lawyer

"This book is essential for any small business owner, manager, or accountant's business tool kit. This easy-to-read book distills complex subject matter into meaningful and understandable information and is a great refresher course for those deeply involved in the accounting and financial matters of a small business. The book contains many examples that can be used immediately in daily operations to improve the quality of information for better decision making. The book provides those involved in small business the framework to manage what they measure."
--Jim Bologa, CFODaticon, Inc.

Lombardy, with about 10 million inhabitants, is today the most populated and prosperous region of Italy, and Milan is a renowned capital of art, fashion and design. During the 19th century until WWI, the region gradually became the leader in Italy's economic development and distinguished itself in the European economic landscape for its long-standing industrial strength and diversified economy, which included one of the Europe's most productive agricultural systems. It was the economic locomotive of contemporary Italy, contributing to the economic Risorgimento that complemented the country's political resurgence. The present volume gathers the contributions of some major experts on the subject, providing an in-depth analysis of Lombardy's pattern of development, consisting of an exceptionally symbiotic and balanced interplay of sectors (agriculture, industry, trade, and banking) in a gradual yet steady growth process, also supported by progress in the education system. During the century, there was a shift away from an economy based on agriculture and commerce to a progressively more industrial economy and this process accelerated from the 1880s. The secret of this dynamic balance was Lombardy's active relationship with the rest of Europe and with the international markets. Aimed at scholars, researchers and students in the fields of early modern and modern history, economic and social history, the book provides a clear explanation of Lombardy's economic development during the long 19th Century.

The recent global economic crisis has highlighted the importance of strong corporate governance systems. The failure of many of the 'gatekeepers' (i.e. auditors) to protect the efficiency of the financial markets has left many wondering whether there exists a sound model of corporate governance and if so, what the features of such a model are.
"The International Corporate Governance System: Audit Roles and Board Oversight" provides a comprehensive legal, economic and financial approach to corporate governance. It addresses the practical aspects of corporate governance, auditing and risk management whether within principles-based regulatory approach or the rules-based approach. Starting with the OECD principles, their application by both the IMF and the World Bank, the book analyzes and compares corporate governance systems in the US, the UK, Canada, Australasia, Japan, Continental Europe, the BRICS, Saudi Arabia. The book moves on to analyze the audit roles and legislations in the US (SOX Act), the EU Statutory Audit Directive, the ROSC, the Audit Scandals, the auditors' liabilities, and the future of auditing. Finally, the author provides comprehensive coverage of the board oversight function, the management fraud types and the role of the audit committee.
"The International Corporate Governance System" is geared to a large public of lawyers, economists, financiers, and accountants who want to enhance their knowledge and skills in this interdisciplinary field. Business school students, law graduates, economics graduates will learn how law and regulation affect management practices, strategies and aims. Likewise, government officials, risk managers, chief financial officers, chief operating officers in charge of supervision and enforcement of laws and regulations will find a guide in their difficult environment.

Creating the 'Big Mess' and its sequel Accounting for Crises use Marx's theory of capitalism to explain why there is no generally accepted theory of financial accounting, and explore the consequences, by studying the history of American accounting theory from c.1900 to 2007. The answer, Creating the 'Big Mess', is first that while late-19th century British accounting principles, founded on the going-concern concept, provided an objective basis for holding management accountable to shareholders for its stewardship of capital, and were accepted by the nascent American profession, they are inchoate. Second, Irving Fisher's economic theory of accounting, based on the assertion that present value is the accountants' measurement ideal, which is subjective, framed early-20th century American accounting theory, which undermined British principles, making them incoherent. In an unregulated, pro-business environment, leading theorists, particularly Henry Rand Hatfield and William A. Paton, Jr., became authorities for management discretion, creating the 'big mess' Hatfield saw in late-1920s American accounting. Accounting for Crises examines the roles of Fisher's theory in promoting the speculation leading to the 1929 Great Crash, aggravating the Great Depression, hindering accounting regulation from the 1930s, producing the Financial Accounting Standard Board's conceptual framework, and facilitating the 2007-2008 Global Financial Crisis.

This convenient reference tool is designed for real estate investors who wish to maximize their tax benefits through a better understanding of real estate law. Ferguson and Spede thoroughly analyze and explain real estate tax laws, as well as the problems and advantages of purchasing, owning, and selling real estate. Specifically explained and illustrated are such issues as calculating excess investment and interest, installment selling, alternative minimum tax, investment credits, recapture of tax credits, trading properties, leases with options to buy, and the establishment of new bases for trade. In addition, the authors emphasize many of the tax traps and pitfalls encountered by investors, including accelerated depreciation, amortization of expenses, and tax write-offs. Also considered are related topics such as personal property taxes, special tax problems, the rehabilitation of historic and older commercial properties, low income housing, rental cooperatives, condominium units, and home ownership taxation. Finally, there is a discussion of tax reform, including the changes brought about by the Deficit Reduction Act of 1984, as well as the possible effects of the flat tax rate proposed by the Treasury Department in January of 1985. The volume is completely cross-referenced, and includes chapter summaries, case histories, and a glossary, as well as numerous tables and illustrations.

First published in 1932, this volume echoed the success of Duties of the Junior Accountant and was similarly long-awaited as a textbook for the industry and aimed to instruct junior accountants in the work of their senior colleagues and future selves. Senior accountants are those who may conduct an examination independently except for a final review by a managing accountant, principal or partner. Seniors may have charge of work needing perhaps one, ten, or even more assistants or of a section of a larger examination conducted under the supervision of an accountant of higher rating. The chapters in this volume detail issues including beginning an examination, audits of banks, reviews by a principal accountant and arranging work and staff.

The Enron and WorldCom scandals and other less high profile scandals ushered in several regulatory overhauls including those provided for under the law widely known as Sarbanes-Oxley. Indeed, this was the most dynamic period save possibly the 1930s in terms of regulatory reforms to the accounting and financial reporting environment. This monograph summarizes and synthesize a decade of academic research to develop an evolving dominant explanation around these myriad changes. The overarching themes and topics in the literature that form the paradigm for this monograph include the evolving accounting and reporting model in the U.S. and internationally, the individual accounting pronouncements that support the evolving model, the scandals themselves, and the public and private sector responses to those scandals.