This book presents a newly designed dynamic fluidic sprinkler (DFS) to improve hydraulic performance of the existing complete fluidic sprinkler (CFS) under low-pressure conditions. Sprinkler irrigation has high prospects for improving water management in crop production. In recent years, low-pressure water-saving has become an important research content in the field of sprinkler irrigation. It introduces the effect of riser height on rotation uniformity and application rate of the dynamic fluidic sprinkler. It also discusses the intelligent sprinkler irrigation technologies for autonomous and remote sensing system. This book will be a useful reference for researchers and professionals in the field of agriculture and irrigation.

Aquatic Chemistry Concepts, Second Edition, is a fully revised and updated textbook that fills the need for a comprehensive treatment of aquatic chemistry and covers the many complicated equations and principles of aquatic chemistry. It presents the established science of equilibrium water chemistry using the uniquely recognizable, step-by-step Pankow format, which allows a broad and deep understanding of aquatic chemistry. The text is appropriate for a wide audience, including undergraduate and graduate students, industry professionals, consultants, and regulators. Every professional using water chemistry will want this text within close reach, and students and professionals alike will expect to find at least one copy on their library shelves. Key Features Extremely thorough, one-of-a-kind treatment of aquatic chemistry which considers: a) chemical thermodynamics fundamentals; b) acid/base, titration, and buffer calculations; c) CO2 chemistry and alkalinity; d) complexation of metal ions by ligands and chelates; e) mineral solubility processes; f) redox chemistry, including the chemistry of chlorine (as in disinfection), oxygen, CO2 and methane, nitrogen, sulfur, iron, and lead, including the story of lead in the drinking water of Flint, Michigan; and g) electrical effects in aqueous solutions including the Debye-Huckel Law (and related equations for activity corrections), double layers, and colloid stability Discussions of how to carry out complex calculations regarding the chemistry of lakes, rivers, groundwater, and seawater Numerous example problems worked in complete detail Special foreword by Jerry L. Schnoor 'There's a lot to like about a book on water chemistry that lays it out simply. Einstein said that everything should be as simple as it can be, but not simpler. Wise advice. And that is what James F. Pankow has accomplished in the second edition of his textbook, Aquatic Chemistry Concepts. It covers the "waterfront" of essential inorganic chemistry topics, and it supplies enough examples to lead the student toward problem solving.' -From the Foreword, Jerry L. Schnoor

Life Cycle Assessment of Wastewater Treatment addresses in detail the required in-depth life cycle assessment of wastewater treatment. This is to meet the special demands placed upon wastewater treatment processes, due to both the limited quantity and often low quality of water supplies. Wastewater management clearly plays a central role in achieving future water security in a world where water stress is expected to increase. Life cycle assessment (LCA) can be used as a tool to evaluate the environmental impacts associated with wastewater treatment and potential improvement options. This unique volume will focus on the analysis of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), using a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. Key Features: Focuses on the analysis of wastewater treatment plants using a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach Discusses unconventional water sources such as recycled wastewater, brackish groundwater and desalinated seawater Explains life cycle assessment in detail, which has become one of the reference methods used to assess the environmental performance of processes over their complete life cycle, from raw material extraction, infrastructure construction and operation to final dismantling Explores a technique (LCA) that is becoming increasingly popular amongst researchers in the water treatment field nowadays because of its holistic approach Based on the real life experiences, the subject of wastewater is presented in simple terms and made accessible to anyone willing to learn and experiment

This book is the final installation in a three-volume series synthesizing 30 years of mercury research in the Florida Everglades. The first part of this book evaluates the occurrence of trends in both biota mercury concentrations and atmospheric mercury deposition. Through both empirical and deterministic analyses, the likely drivers of biota trends are identified. These analyses help lay the predicate for devising an overall strategy to mitigate and manage the Everglades mercury problem. The book concludes with a model analysis of the likely benefits and uncertainty attendant with implementing the leading candidate strategy for best reducing the Everglades mercury problem.

This book is an unique integrated treatise, on the concepts of fractional calculus as models with applications in hydrology, soil science and geomechanics. The models are primarily fractional partial differential equations (fPDEs), and in limited cases, fractional differential equations (fDEs). It develops and applies relevant fPDEs and fDEs mainly to water flow and solute transport in porous media and overland, and in some cases, to concurrent flow and energy transfer. It is an integrated resource with theory and applications for those interested in hydrology, hydraulics and fluid mechanics. The self-contained book summaries the fundamentals for porous media and essential mathematics with extensive references supporting the development of the model and applications.

Emphasizes recent advances in bioremediation techniques towards environmental sustainability Provides detailed information on how to harness indigenous bio-resources including microorganisms as bioenhancement agents for environmental remediation Introduces new frontiers in the area of waste water treatment using microalgae important for sustainability and water safety Reviews biotechniques that could enhance higher level of sustainability in heavily polluted environment as well as provides intelligent monitoring system for waste recycling and environmental remediation, and fostering a low-carbon renewable energy based bioeconomy. Discusses the need for review of existing guidelines on chlorine disinfectant usage for enhanced water quality

This book analyzes the issues associated with climate change in the Himalayas. The purpose of choosing the Himalayas as a focus is because it is a particularly fragile mountain system, highly sensitive to climate change impacts, and it contains one of the largest human populations affected by climate change. The book provides extensive data and information regarding the climate history of the Himalayas, and the current effects of climate change on Himalayan weather systems, and on human and animal populations in the region. The book begins with an overview of global climate change with discussions of data trends and international initiatives, then segues into a history of climate changes and weather trends in the Himalayas. Weather systems of the Himalayas, both past and current, are analyzed and detailed through climate models, seasonal observations of weather fronts, and overviews of various climate scenarios. The book then discusses climate change impacts and signat ures specific to the Central Himalayan region, where the largest effects of impacts are observed. Readers will discover analysis presented on water resources, meteorological changes, biodiversity, agriculture and human health along with perspectives of management and policy. This book will appeal to researchers studying climate science, climatology, environmental scientists and policymakers.

This book represents different types of progress in hydrogeology, including conceptualization changes, different approaches to simulating groundwater flow and transport new hydrogeophysical methods. Each chapter extends or summarizes a recent development in hydrogeology, with forward-looking statements regarding the challenges and strengths that are faced. While the title and scope is broad, there are several sub-themes that connect the chapters. Themes include theoretical advances in conceptualization and modeling of hydrogeologic problems. Conceptual advances are further tempered by insights arising from observations from both field and laboratory work.

This book features a collection of extended papers based on presentations given at the SimHydro 2019 conference, held in Sophia Antipolis in June 2019 with the support of French Hydrotechnic Society (SHF), focusing on "Which models for extreme situations and crisis management?" Hydraulics and related disciplines are frequently applied in extreme situations that need to be understood accurately before implementing actions and defining appropriate mitigation measures. However, in such situations currently used models may be partly irrelevant due to factors like the new physical phenomena involved, the scale of the processes, and the hypothesis included in the different numerical tools. The availability of computational resources and new capacities like GPU offers modellers the opportunity to explore various approaches to provide information for decision-makers. At the same time, the topic of crisis management has sparked interest from stakeholders who need to share a common understanding of a situation. Hydroinfomatics tools can provide essential information in crises; however, the design and integration of models in decision-support systems require further development and the engagement of various communities, such as first responders. In this context, methodologies, guidelines and standards are more and more in demand in order to ensure that the systems developed are efficient and sustainable. Exploring both the limitations and performance of current models, this book presents the latest developments based on new numerical schemes, high-performance computing, multiphysics and multiscale methods, as well as better integration of field-scale model data. As such, it will appeal to practitioners, stakeholders, researchers and engineers active in this field.

Floods are difficult to prevent but can be managed in order to reduce their environmental, social, cultural, and economic impacts. Flooding poses a serious threat to life and property, and therefore it's very important that flood risks be taken into account during any planning process. This handbook presents different aspects of flooding in the context of a changing climate and across various geographical locations. Written by experts from around the world, it examines flooding in various climates and landscapes, taking into account environmental, ecological, hydrological, and geomorphic factors, and considers urban, agriculture, rangeland, forest, coastal, and desert areas. Features Presents the main principles and applications of the science of floods, including engineering and technology, natural science, as well as sociological implications. Examines flooding in various climates and diverse landscapes, taking into account environmental, ecological, hydrological, and geomorphic factors. Considers floods in urban, agriculture, rangeland, forest, coastal, and desert areas Covers flood control structures as well as preparedness and response methods. Written in a global context, by contributors from around the world.

This book presents recent research and advances in various solid-liquid separation technologies and some applications for treating produced water. It covers fundamental principles and the importance of produced water in major industrial sectors and compares solid-liquid separation technologies. In addition, this book Presents the results of research studies conducted to evaluate the performance of solid-liquid separation technologies Discusses a wide range of technologies, including membrane, filtration, crystallization, desalination, supercritical fluids, coagulation, and floatation Includes experimental, theoretical, modeling, and process design studies With its comprehensive coverage, this book is an essential reference for chemical researchers, scientists, and engineers in industry, academia, and professional laboratories. It is also an important resource for graduate and advanced undergraduate students studying solid-liquid separations.

Water breaks rocks, levels mountains, and cuts canyons. It comes in many forms, from puddles, to icicles, to mist, to tidal waves. It covers most of the Earth and constitutes a majority of the human body. Too much water can destroy entire regions-so can too little. Life depends on it. We drink it, bathe in it, swim in it, drown in it, fish in it, heat up and cool off in it. One of the most versatile and familiar elements in the world, water is also one of the most mysterious. The 236 entries in this book comprise an A-Z overview of water's manifold roles in human society and the natural world throughout history. Topics include boats and ships, dams, groundwater, hydrology, ice, the Johnstown Flood, Scripps Institute of Oceanography, sea monsters, surface tension, and water wheels, and much more. Scientific and technical issues are explored, including the physical and chemical properties of water, steam, and ice; the uses to which water and steam are put; and the purification, transfer, and uses of water by communities. The hydrologic cycle is explained, with attention to the properties and distribution of ice masses, and the properties of oceans and rivers. Philosophical, mystical, metaphorical, and symbolic roles of water in literature, mythology, religion, the visual arts, and music are considered, as are individuals and organizations responsible for contributing to our understanding of water. This book includes a bibliography and a guide to related topics. Each entry concludes with a list of further readings. Attention is also paid to the philosophical, mystical, metaphorical, and symbolic role that water has played for humans in literature, mythology, religion, the visual arts, andmusic. Finally, a number of individuals and organizations that now make and have made important contributions to our understanding of water and its role in human life and in the natural world are included. Sample entries include water wheel, surface tension, Scripps Institute of Oceanography, sea monsters, Johnstown Flood, hydrology, ice, groundwater, dams, Rachel Carson, and boats and ships. The book also includes a bibliography and a guide to related topics, and each of the entries concludes with a list of further readings.

This book provides a broad understanding of the main computational techniques used for water hammer research in water systems. The theoretical background to a number of techniques is introduced, and general data analysis techniques and examining the application of techniques in an industrial setting, including current practices and current research, are considered. The book also provides practical experience of commercially available systems and includes small-scale water systems related projects.

This book covers topics on the basic models, assessments, and techniques to calculate evapotranspiration (ET) for practical applications in agriculture, forestry, and urban science. This simple and thorough guide provides the information and techniques necessary to develop, manage, interpret, and apply evapotranspiration [ET] data to practical applications. The simplicity of the contents facilitates a technician to develop an ET data for effective water management.

This book focuses on best management practices for drip irrigated crops. It cover irrigation methods, scheduling of micro irrigation, and mulching and crop performance. Micro irrigation techniques with diverse crops are discussed, including sweet pepper, chili, tomatoes, cauliflower, wheat, sweet peas, sugarcane, and potatoes. The performance of the various techniques has been tested and evaluated in the field. Written by experts on micro irrigation, this valuable book is a must-have for micro irrigation professionals as well as advanced students.

This compendium volume is an indispensable source of information on the ways in which wastewater can impact public health. The editor, a well-respected expert in his field, has collected the most recent and pertinent investigations into this serious issue. Included are studies involving: * The presence of various human enteric viruses in wastewater, which reach the public through drinking and daily use water, agriculture, and through fishing waters * Antibiotic resistance produced by genetic changes in wastewater bacterial communities, affecting both human and animal health * The presence of antidepressants in water consumed by the public * Possible methods of treatment for removing bacteria and pharmaceuticals from wastewater This threat to public health calls urgently for the development of new treatment technologies. The research in this volume provides state-of-the-art information about recent advances in wastewater treatment and it points the way toward future productive research. Civil engineers, graduate-level research students, and scientific research labs will all find valuable information.

The reuse of wastewater in irrigation is being practiced only recently to solve water scarcity problems in agriculture. Management of water, soil, crop, and operational procedures, including precautions to protect farm workers, play an important role in the successful use of sewage effluent for irrigation. Appropriate water management practices must be followed to prevent salinization. If salt is not flushed out of the root zone by leaching and removed from the soil by effective drainage, salinity problems can build up rapidly. Leaching and drainage are, thus, two important water management practices to avoid salinization of soils. One of the options that may be available to farmers is the blending of treated sewage with conventional sources of water to obtain a blended water of acceptable salinity level. This important book focuses on the use of wastewater as a valuable resource for agricultural micro irrigation purposes. It covers effective wastewater management practices in a variety of climates, including semi-arid regions and others; how to perform effective evaluations to gauge the quality of the water on plants, including potatoes, maize, and eggplant; and the cost-benefit of using wastewater. It addresses the sources of wastewater for irrigation and the problems along with challenges, including water quality, clogging, soil quality, and more. The mission of this compendium is to serve as a reference manual for professionals in biological and civil engineering, horticulture, soil and crop science, and agronomy, as well as for graduate and undergraduate students in related fields. It will be a valuable reference for professionals who work with micro irrigation/wastewater and water management, for technical agricultural centers, irrigation centers, agricultural extension services, and other agencies that work with micro irrigation programs.

This title includes a number of Open Access chapters. The activated sludge process is one of the most versatile and commonly used wastewater treatment systems in the world. In the past, when industrial wastewater treatment focused on removing biological oxygen demand and suspended solids, waste water plants needed different processes and technology. The shift to the activated sludge process means environmental engineers must build new treatment plants and retrofit old ones. In this compendium, the editor, an experienced and well-published scientist in the field, has brought together articles that relate to the new requirements.

About 7,000 people lose their lives and nearly 100 million people are adversely affected by floods each year worldwide. Flooding occurs in almost every part of the world and is the result of extreme rainfall. Severe flooding also costs billions of dollars each year in damage and economic losses. This new volume focuses on two detailed studies that employ physically based hydrologic models to predict flooding in the particularly challenging environment of small watersheds with mountainous terrain and high intensity/high variability rainfall.

Water is a finite resource, and the demand for clean water is constantly growing. Clean freshwater is needed to meet irrigation demands for agriculture, for consumption, and for industrial uses. The world produces billions of tons of wastewater every year. This volume looks at a multitude of ways to capture, treat, and reuse wastewater and how to effectively manage watersheds. It presents a selection of new technologies and methods to recycle, reclaim, and reuse water for agricultural, industrial, and environmental purposes. The editor states that more than 75-80% of the wastewater we produce goes back to nature without being properly treated, leading to pollution and all sorts of negative health and productivity consequences. Topics cover a wide selection of research, including molluscs as a tool for river health assessment, flood risk modeling, biological removal of toxins from groundwater, saline water intrusion into coastal areas, urban drainage simulations, rainwater harvesting, irrigation topics, and more. Key features: * explores the existing methodologies in the field of reuse of wastewater * looks at different approaches in integrated water resources management * examines the issues of groundwater management and development * discusses saline water intrusion in coastal areas * presents various watershed management approaches * includes case studies and analyses of various water management efforts

This book highlights advances in sustainable wastewater treatment technologies, particularly biological wastewater treatment, cavitation-based treatment, hybrid water treatment, membrane technologies, advance oxidation processes, and adsorption. The book focuses on a variety of advanced treatment techniques that are useful for the degradation of organic components, dyes, heavy metals effluent, etc. in wastewater. Industrial wastewater consists of variety of discharges based on the type of industry, such as the dairy/food industries, which generate more fats and high BOD value with variation in the pH value, while the electroplating industry may expel more inorganic matter and dissolved solids. The oil extraction industries will have more solvents contained in the effluent, and dyes and textiles industry create a higher organic load with high TDS. Hence, every type of manufacturing industry needs a different method for the treatment of its effluents. Looking at the use of intensified chemical processes in order to make cleaner environment, Innovative Technologies for the Treatment of Industrial Wastewater explores the new and innovative methods for pollutant removal that will prove useful for a variety of industries. Conventional wastewater treatment processes require a significant amount of energy and involve expensive equipment and maintenance. Sustainable wastewater treatment technologies, however, involve less generation of energy and employ more economically feasible treatment methods, requiring less equipment and fewer maintenance costs. Looking at the use of intensified chemical processes in order to make a cleaner environment, this volume explores new and innovative methods for pollutant removal that will prove useful for a variety of industries. This book highlights advances in sustainable wastewater treatment technologies, particularly biological wastewater treatment, cavitation-based treatment, hybrid water treatment, membrane technologies, advanced oxidation processes, and adsorption.

1. Highlights the achievements of climate change research in the Arctic region 2. Includes case studies from scientists in the Arctic and their significant achievements through the Indian research base Himadri 3. Provides a thorough review of Paleoclimate change studies, the impact of climate change on biotic components and the impact of climate change on abiotic components 4. Provides specific details on the study of ozone depletion phenomenon over Arctic region 5. Covers a wide range of research contributions 6. Details sea-ice variability in the context of global warming over the Arctic region. 7.Connects seisimogenesis with the climate change in the Arctic region.

Floods are difficult to prevent but can be managed in order to reduce their environmental, social, cultural, and economic impacts. Flooding poses a serious threat to life and property, and therefore it's very important that flood risks be taken into account during any planning process. This handbook presents different aspects of flooding in the context of a changing climate and across various geographical locations. Written by experts from around the world, it examines flooding in various climates and landscapes, taking into account environmental, ecological, hydrological, and geomorphic factors, and considers urban, agriculture, rangeland, forest, coastal, and desert areas. Features Presents the main principles and applications of the science of floods, including engineering and technology, natural science, as well as sociological implications. Examines flooding in various climates and diverse landscapes, taking into account environmental, ecological, hydrological, and geomorphic factors. Considers floods in urban, agriculture, rangeland, forest, coastal, and desert areas Covers flood control structures as well as preparedness and response methods. Written in a global context, by contributors from around the world.

Agricultural pollution (with nitrates and pesticides) is one of the biggest threats to drinking water resources. At many places regional and local water authorities, together with the water supply industry, are involved in preventive action aimed at farming practices. Three national case studies (Germany, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom) analyse these efforts within the context of problematical national agricultural policy and the need to implement EU directives on water quality. Additional case studies cover the role of the European Union, while the same problem in a different setting is analysed for the United States. The central question of how national and European governments can reinforce the control capacity of the actors at the regional and local level, is treated from the theoretical perspective of the policy network approach.

This book presents a novel approach to studying the groundwater dynamics of and characterising karst aquifers. The content is based on long-term monitoring of groundwater parameters in the epiphreatic caves of a selected karst aquifer: part of the classical recharge area of Ljubljanica River, Slovenia. The recorded data was analysed on the basis of the recharge to the system, which is controlled by outflow from the Planinsko Polje, and on the basis of the known and inferred geometry of the karst conduit system. The book presents numerically tested conceptual models of the observed conduit system, which offer new insights into its structure and function. In closing, the author stresses the importance of caves as groundwater monitoring sites and provides new tools for interpreting cave water level hydrographs. Although the book focuses on a specific site, the methodology introduced here can be applied to numerous other karst systems, lending it considerable practical relevance.