In the latter part of the 20th century, humans are doing a particularly poor job of managing natural resources in a sustainable way over the long term.
Institutions, Ecosystems, and Sustainability focuses on long-term, sustainable natural resource management practices at the local, national, and international levels. The authors suggest that a major cause of the "sustainability problem" - regulatory policies for large areas that often threaten the sustainability of both natural resources and previously effective governance problems - lie in "scale" problems. Large scale ecosystems are not simply larger versions of smaller systems, and micro-scale ecosystems are not merely microcosms of large scale systems. The driving forces and feedback mechanisms operate at different levels and exhibit distinct patterns of their own.
Traditional management practices that do well at the local level cannot be expected to do equally well in handling activities organized at the continental or global scale. Even more importantly, when local systems are superseded by national or international management practices, local ecosystems frequently suffer.
The challenge is to match ecosystems and governance systems in ways that maximize the compatibility of these systems. This book builds upon this fundamental principle. Particularly valuable is the use of simulation exercises to explore the consequences of social institutions and a discussion of the progress being made in developing a broad global data base to test hypothesis about the relationship between ecosystems and social institutions, and to investigate ways to repair the damage already caused by scale mismatches.


Features

Contemporary Environmental Accounting: Issues, Concepts and Practice has been written in order to provide an up-to-date textbook in the rapidly developing field of environmental accounting. The book is suitable for both undergraduate and graduate students and their teachers, professional accountants, and corporate and organizational managers. Although no prior knowledge of environmental accounting is necessary to understand the critical issues at stake, academic accountants should also find that the book provides a useful introduction to the topic.

This important new book is a practical guide to the design of policies for effective energy conservation. Drawing on a wide range of European experiences, it analyses and evaluates the weaknesses of current conservation policies. The authors advance proposals that will ensure that political, administrative and energy conservation resources are used to maximum effect. Based on original investigations of conservation policies the book examines: the use of grants and subsidies to encourage investment in the conservation of energy in domestic housing and public buildings the use of information to inform householders of their conservation options and the implications of these options the use of regulation to encourage the use of combined heating power demand-side management by utility companies institutional development as a means of engendering 'bottom-up' conservation initiatives The main lesson is that it is not the policy per se but its design and execution which dictates performance. The key variables in shaping such performance are identified and discussed. This timely book will be invaluable for those responsible for designing and implementing energy conservation policies and will be of special interest to those researching the practice of energy conservation.

The world's environmental future will be determined in significant part by what happens in the rapidly industrializing and urban economies of Asia. The sheer scale of urban population and industrial growth in Asia from Indonesia to China and the energy- and materials-intensive character of the development process, constitutes a dark shadow over the region's, and indeed the world's, environment. And yet this challenge is also an opportunity. Precisely because so much of the urban-industrial investment within developing Asia has yet to take place, the opportunity exists to shape a different development future one that is far less energy-, materials- and waste-intensive. "Asia's Clean Revolution" examines the prospects for and pathways to such a new trajectory. The book lays out a path-breaking vision of how developing economies might go beyond environmental regulation and put in place an array of policies and institutions that could integrate environmental, industrial and technological goals. These findings provide important input for negotiators considering climate change on a global scale. The book approaches the challenge of growth and environment in Asia in a novel way, by identifying six major transformational dynamics under way in the world today, and assessing whether these can be harnessed to the goal of improved environmental performance of industry. With a set of specially commissioned chapters from the leading authorities in North America and Asia, this ground-breaking book is the first to present concrete policy solutions to the looming crisis driven by large-scale urban-industrial growth in developing Asia."

This monograph presents and analyzes the optimization, game-theoretic and simulation models of control mechanisms for ecological-economic systems. It is devoted to integrated assessment mechanisms for total risks and losses, penalty mechanisms, risk payment mechanisms, financing and costs compensation mechanisms for risk level reduction, sales mechanisms for risk level quotas, audit mechanisms, mechanisms for expected losses reduction, economic motivation mechanisms, optimization mechanisms for regional environmental (risk level reduction) programs, and mechanisms for authorities' interests coordination. The book is aiming at undergraduate and postgraduate students, as well as at experts in mathematical modeling and control of ecological economic, socioeconomic and organizational systems.

The connection between economic growth and the quality of the environment is a popular subject. Since the second half of the 1980s, there has been an increasingly frequent use of the term "sustainable development," to refer to the preoccupation that the production of goods and services may decrease standards of living. It is natural to analyze this question from the point of view of economic models, which may be helpful in at least identifying the main factors behind such preoccupations and perhaps in suggesting policy measures. Indeed, models are useful to discuss some relevant factors, like the structure of production of the economy, the type of preferences and goals pursued by agents, and the elements of uncertainty. This monograph will consider some of these themes: there will be a study of the analytical framework which can be used for the purpose of defining and analyzing sustainability, and some discussion of how to calibrate a restricted version of the model to empirical data. There will be also some analysis about which type of uncertainty should be incorporated into the model, and which objective functions may be useful for policy purposes. Also, there will be discussions about the key variables which should be included, and some description of a general framework.

Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen was described by Paul Samuelson as 'an economist's economist'. This book honors him by discussing his theories on a wide range of issues but particularly on environmental and energy economics. It is a dynamic tribute which extends his work to address the problems the human race will face in the 21st century. The book shows how Georgescu-Roegen constructed nothing less than an almost complete theoretical alternative to neoclassical economics. Although best-known for his later work as an environmentalist and his work on energy and material transformation, Georgescu-Roegen also made seminal contributions to the economic theory of utility and production and is considered to be one of the founders of modern mathematical economics. In this book an internationally acclaimed group of contributors including Joan Martinez-Alier, William H. Miernyk, Herman Daly and Cutler Cleveland present discussions on environmental and energy economics as well as mathematical economics, economic development and peasant economies, and bioeconomics. This book serves as an excellent all-inclusive introduction to the work of one of the great economists of the 20th century. This celebration of the contributions made by Georgescu-Roegen will be of interest to environmental and natural resource economists, as well as social and economic theorists. With a dedication by Wassily Leontief and a foreword by Paul Samuelson.

This book introduces innovative approaches to pursue climate change adaptation and to support the long-term implementation of climate change policies. Offering new case studies and data, as well as projects and initiatives implemented across the globe, the contributors present new tools, approaches and methods to pursue and facilitate innovation in climate change adaptation.

The taxation of extractive industries exploiting oil, gas, or minerals is usually treated as a sovereign, national policy and administration issue.This book offers a uniquely comprehensive overview of the theory and practice involved in designing policies on the international aspects of fiscal regimes for these industries, with a particular focus on developing and emerging economies.

International Taxation and the Extractive Industries addresses key topics that are not frequently covered in the literature, such as the geo-political implications of cross-border pipelines and the legal implications of mining contracts and regional financial obligations. The contributors, all of whom are leading researchers with experience of working with governments and companies on these issues, present an authoritative collection of chapters. The volume reviews international tax rules, covering both developments in the G20-OECD project on ’Base Erosion and Profit Shifting’ and more radical proposals, identifying core challenges in the extractives sector.

This book should become a core resource for both scholars and practitioners. It will also appeal to those interested in international tax issues more widely and those who study environmental economics, macroeconomics and development economics.

Table of Contents

Preface

CHAPTER 1: Introduction and Overview

(Philip Daniel, Michael Keen, Artur Swistak and Victor Thuronyi)

CHAPTER 2: Principles and Practice of International Taxation for the Extractive Industries

(Michael Keen and Peter Mullins)

CHAPTER 3: An Overview of Transfer Pricing In Extractive Industries

(Stephen E. Shay)

CHAPTER 4: Transfer Pricing – Special Extractive Industry Issues

(Jack Calder)

CHAPTER 5: International Tax and Treaty Strategy in Resource–Rich Developing Countries: Experience and Approaches

(Philip Daniel and Victor Thuronyi)

CHAPTER 6: Extractive Investments and Tax Treaties: Issues for Investors

(Janine Juggins)

CHAPTER 7: Taxing Gains on Transfer of Interest

(Lee Burns, Honoré Le Leuch and Emil M. Sunley)

CHAPTER 8: Fiscal Issues for Cross-border Natural Resource Projects

(Joseph C. Bell and Jasmina B. Chauvin)

CHAPTER 9: International Oil and Gas Pipelines: Legal, Tax, and Tariff Issues

(Honoré Le Leuch)

CHAPTER 10: The Design of Joint Development Zones Treaties and International Unitization Agreements

(Peter Cameron)

CHAPTER 11: Fiscal Schemes for Joint Development of Petroleum: A Primer and an Evaluation

(Philip Daniel, Chandara Veung and Alistair Watson)

CHAPTER 12: Taxes, Royalties and Cross-border Resource Investments

(Jack Mintz)

CHAPTER 13: Tax Competition and Coordination in Extractive Industries

(Mario Mansour and Artur Swistak)

The idea of ecological modernisation originated in Western Europe in the 1980s, gaining attention around the world by the late 1990s. At the core of this social scientific and policy-oriented approach is the view that contemporary societies have the capability of dealing with their environmental crises. Experiences in some countries demonstrate that modern institutions can incorporate environmental interests into their daily routines. Elsewhere, economic and political interests dominate development trajectories and environmental deterioration continues, challenging the premises of ecological modernisation. This volume brings together research on ecological modernisation practices around the world. Studies on Western, Central, and Eastern Europe, the USA, and Southeast Asia examine the applicability of this approach to advanced industrial countries, transitional economies and developing countries respectively. Authors critically examine the premises of ecological modernisation theory, assess its value for understanding past and present environmental transformations, and outline paths for designing future sustainable development. Taken together, the studies in collected this volume offer significant refinements, extensions and critiques of ecological modernisation theory and suggest important directions for future research on social and policy dimensions of environmental change.

On the surface the new president seems to inherit an empty house," Hugh Heclo, a recognized expert on American democratic institutions, has noted. "In fact, he enters an office already shaped and crowded by other people's desires." Empowering the White House examines how Richard Nixon entered that crowded Oval Office in 1969 yet managed to change it in a way that augmented the power of the presidency and continues to influence into the twenty-first century how his successors have governed.

Nixon's White House is perhaps best remembered for the growth in the size of the staff, which operated under the supposed iron fist of H. R. Haldeman. But more important than size and management style to the character of the Nixon White House were the assigned tasks, complexity, and dynamics of the burgeoning staff. Faced with hostile majorities in Congress and executive branch careerists assumed to be committed to a Democratic agenda, Nixon sought to control his political fate by engaging more actively than earlier presidents in public relations and the mobilization of support. At the command and under the control of the Oval Office, the staff carried out assignments designed to fulfill Nixon's aims.

This theoretically informed and well-researched study explains how Nixon changed and expanded the institutionalized presidency and how that affected the Ford and Carter administrations. Nixon ushered in a new stage in the modern presidency by organizing and using his increasingly complex staff in new ways that have persisted beyond the 1970s to this day. To a greater degree than any predecessor, Nixon systematized outreach, legal advice, and policy formulation. His White House staffing, then, has come to be regarded as a "standard model" that influences incoming presidents regardless of party affiliation.

Leavening this organizational study are revealing accounts of how the Nixon, Ford, and Carter staffs operated behind the scenes in the West Wing. Anyone needing to know how the White House worked during those presidencies--or how it has worked since--will find this book invaluable.

Most people love nature and consider themselves environmentalists, but nature isn't just pretty and lovable, it is indispensable to our survival and economic activity. That is the most compelling reason for environmental protection.
The conventional economic wisdom views land (natural capital) as a small part of the economy, along with capital, labor, technology and so on. The authors argue that this is backwards: that the economy nests within the environment (land) and not the other way around.
The authors give a brief history of the origins of conventional economic wisdom and critique it from a the standpoint of ecological economics. They explain what natural capital -our life support system - is and does, and describe the severe strains that have been put on it. They conclude with some policy options, such as green taxes and suggestions for personal action that would conserve natural capital and thus make conserve resources for present and future generations.
Natural Capital and Human Economic Survival is written for environmentalists, environmental studies majors and anyone concerned about the flaws of mainstream economics - how it has led us into unsustainable ways of living - and who would like to learn about alternatives that are more sustainable.

Hardbound. Environmental regulation requires that substantial productive resources be diverted to efforts to improve environmental quality. Economic theory says that, all else being equal, regulation will consequently cause costs to rise with resulting losses in competitive advantage and a general weakening of economic performance as measured by indicators such as national or regional income. Empirical tests of this theory generally fail to find such consequences, however. This book sets out the reasons why empirical research and theory are at odds, suggests alternative formulations of the relationship between environmental regulation and economic performance, and presents related original research using Southern California as a case study of economic performance in the context of increasingly stringent and effective environmental controls promulgated over more than 30 years.

Routledge is now re-issuing this prestigious series of 204 volumes originally published between 1910 and 1965. The titles include works by key figures such asC.G. Jung, Sigmund Freud, Jean Piaget, Otto Rank, James Hillman, Erich Fromm, Karen Horney and Susan Isaacs. Each volume is available on its own, as part of a themed mini-set, or as part of a specially-priced 204-volume set. A brochure listing each title in the "International Library of Psychology" series is available upon request.

This is a comprehensive yet practical guide for job seekers looking for green career opportunities. Green Collar Jobs: Environmental Careers for the 21st Century is a simple, easy-to-reference guide that will help students, recent graduates, job seekers, and career changers at all levels find the latest information and job resources in this burgeoning new field. This exceptionally timely book examines all aspects of green careers, beginning with an overview discussing green jobs from environmental, economic, and political perspectives. The core of the book is comprised of chapters that describe specific types of green jobs and career paths. These include jobs related to alternative energy, water resources, green marketing, green business, green building, and environmental law. For those willing to leave home, there is a chapter on global environmental jobs, and there is information on niche green careers such as ecotourism and green interior design. Each chapter includes job sources, education and training resources, and a listing of companies involved in the particular business. Provides original insights and advice from professionals in green career fields Includes web addresses for associations, discussion groups, job boards, and companies in each chapter Lists relevant job sites and online references

Methods of environmental management, and especially the "tools" of environmental management, are increasingly being relied upon world-wide to deliver a degree of sustainability in all human activities. A thorough understanding of the nature, capabilities and limitations of the "tools" to be applied as well as the conditions under which they can be best applied, is essential for students, researchers and practitioners within the field of environmental management. This three-volume text presents research and practical applications in the field. Spanning the four main aspects of environmental management; instruments, compartments, sectors and ecosystems, the text contains over 60 contributions from leading specialists in each field and offers a major source of contemporary international research and application within environmental management in practice. This, the third volume, focuses on those ecosystems in which human intervention has been or continues to be predominant, specifically within cities and rural areas.

The research projects at Fondazione Mattei have for some time now been dealing with the international dimension of environmental policy. Indeed, most environ mental phenomena have international implications, which stem from a number of factors: physical ones, such as the transnational or global consequences of pollution and resource conservation; technological factors, such as technological cooperation and diffusion; and economic factors, such as trad, plant localiza tion and migrations. Even in the absence of transnational pollution, therefore, the environmental issues involve substantial interdependence among countries. This volume, edited by Carlo Carraro, presents some of the research which we carried out in international environmental policy, focusing on the relationship between trade, innovation and the environment. The papers in part one discuss the impact of international trade and institu tions on environmental resources. Those in part two deal with the importance of innovation when attempting to solve the major environmental problems. The papers in part three, finally, focus on specific policy issues stressing the impor tance of institutions and property rights. The whole set of contributions can be seen as progress in environmental economics. The different chapters highlight the close relationship between envi ronmental issues and economic development and they merge the literature on the environment with the literature on innovation, economic growth, trade, plant localization, institutions, etc."

The Economics of Environment and Development is a carefully edited selection of Edward Barbier's most influential papers on the role of environmental economics in economic development. This book begins with a brief overview and summary of the papers, placing each in its original context and in relation to the development of Barbier's ideas. The first section deals with the concept of sustainable development, in particular its practical implications for economic policy in developing countries, as well as the long run conditions under which an economy might trade-off environment and growth to achieve its development aims. The second section is concerned mainly with land degradation and tropical deforestation. Using case studies from Africa, Central America and Southeast Asia, the underlying causes of these problems are examined and innovative policies are prescribed to reverse environmental degradation in these areas. The third part of the book is dedicated to the economics of wetlands, wildlands and biodiversity conservation, and discusses the optimal use and management of a region's remaining wild or natural habitat areas. The final section of the book deals with trade and the environment and focuses on the linkages between sustainable resource management and the trade in ivory, timber and forest products, and the role of trade interventions as a means of encouraging a developing country to conserve more of a biological resource. This authoritative volume will be of great interest to academics, policymakers and students of environmental, ecological and development economics.

Transnational commons, cross-border areas without well-defined property rights, have long been ignored in 'official' development economics. This volume redresses the balance by adopting an environmental approach which stresses the importance of shared natural resources and the links between acute poverty and environmental degradation. The Economics of Transnational Commons draws together eminent contributors from fields as diverse as law, population studies, social anthropology, biological sciences, and economics, to present authoritative accounts that combine empirical case-studies with rigorous theoretical foundations. Despite the milti-disciplinary approach, the main focus of the articles is the same: that the reciprocal externalities and problems of free-riding created by any common resource are complicated in the case of transnational commons by difficulties in monitoring, enforcement, and unequal access to information. Often using theories of negotiation taken from game theory, the studies then suggest possible solutions, both at an institutional and educational level. In order to make these materials suitable for teaching purposes, the authors have been encouraged to survey their topics rather than present their most recent findings. A companion publication, The Environment and Emerging Development Issues Volumes 1-11 (edited by Dasgupta and Mahler), deals with national environmental issues.

Energy efficiency and energy conservation are often thought to be the same. They are not, according to Herbert Inhaber. Only when less total energy is consumed by all users will energy actually be saved. Energy efficiency schemes do not accomplish this goal of conservation: when one person or nation conserves energy, there is just more of it for others to use elsewhere. This is the first book to answer, comprehensively and objectively, the question: Do government energy conservation programs hinder or help the nation? Says Inhaber, the fact that billions of dollars have been spent on energy conservation programs, without giving a searching look at what has been accomplished, is a national scandal. Clear, concise, and with numerous useful graphs and tables, this book is an important first step toward making us all aware of what energy conservation actually is-and is not-and how it can and should be implemented.

This work includes chapters on how conservation is applied in the electric utility world, whether waste truly exists, the economic aspect of conservation, its relation to Marxism, and past examples of conservation failures. Inhaber reviews many of the points that were first made by Stanley Jevons, the father of modern quantitative economics, who stated more than 130 years ago that increased efficiency often produces greater overall energy use, not less. Inhaber concludes that a remedy claimed to cure all ills will cure none. The faith placed in conservation as a solution to a mountain of problems is, in large part, misplaced. The words 'energy conservation' have captivated people of almost all political and philosophical persuasions. My book should cause many people to rethink their blind faith.

Methods of environmental management, and especially the tools of environmental management, are increasingly being relied upon world-wide to deliver a degree of sustainability in all human activities. A thorough understanding of the nature, capabilities and limitations of the tools to be applied as well as the conditions under which they can be best applied, is essential for students, researchers and practitioners within the field of environmental management. This three-volume text presents research and practical applications in the field. Spanning the four main aspects of environmental management; instruments, compartments, sectors and ecosystems, this work contains over 60 contributions from leading specialists in each field and offers a major source of contemporary international research and application within environmental management in practice.

Since the industrial revolution progress has meant an increase in labour productivity. Factor Four describes a new form of progress, resource productivity, one which meets the overriding imperative for the future: sustainability. It shows how at least four times as much wealth can be extracted from the resources we use. As the authors put it, the book is about doing more with less, but this is not the same as doing less, doing worse or doing without.;In 1972, the Club of Rome published "Limits to Growth", which sent shock waves around the world by arguing that we were rapidly running out of essential resources. This "Report to the Club of Rome" offers a solution. It lies in using resources more efficiently, in ways which can already be achieved, not at a cost but at a profit. The book contains a wealth of examples of revolutionizing productivity, in the use of energy, from hypercars to low-energy beef; materials, from sub-surface drip irrigation to electronic books; and transport, from video conferencing to CyberTran, demonstrating how much more could be generated from much less, today.; It explains how markets can be organized and taxes re-based to eliminate perverse incentives and

"Sustainable development" quickly became the universal goal for environmentalists in the 1990s, motivated by the 1988 Brundtland Report and the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio. When the time came to bring theory into reality, sustainable development revealed far more complexity than first anticipated. To attain sustainable development in the full sense of the phrase"meeting present needs without compromising the resources needed for future societies"environmental and social concerns would need a constant presence in all major economic decisions. The Cornerstone of Development: Balancing Environmental, Social, and Economic Imperatives profiles many of the first attempts to implement sustainable development initiatives worldwide. The model: Canada's experience with "multistakeholder" decision-making. Under the guidance of Canada's National Task Force on Environment and Economy, nationwide and provincial round tables brought government officials together with corporate officers to formulate sustainable development guidelines. Authorized by the Canadian government to serve as an "Agenda 21 organization," the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) subsequently researched the feasibility of adapting the multistakeholder approach to the needs and practices of developing countries. The results are in these pages: valuable case histories from Africa, Latin America, Asia and Canada, each recounting the risks and benefits from integrating environmental, social and economic policies. When IDRC members were asked for ways to address environmental sustainability, they had few examples to follow"and little evidence that such endeavors could be fulfilled. The research and problem-solving effortsthey produced are now collected here, for the guidance of other environment/development balance programs worldwide.

Schrumpfen oder wachsen? Ein zeitgenoessisches Marchen - Einleitung. ZEITEN (RHYTHMEN): Gegenwartsschrumpfung und zivilisatorische Selbsthistorisierung - Geschwindigkeit als kritischer Faktor in der OEkologie - Zeit des Rhythmus, Temporalitat der Operation - Zeit, Kunst, Musik. RAEUME (BEWEGUNGEN): UEber die Alterung von Kontinenten oder die Geschichte von der Landschaft her denken - Neue Entwicklungstypen von Grossstadten - Wer spart, braucht Ziele-eine ungehaltene Rede - Zukunftschance Schrumpfung-Stadtentwicklung in Ostdeutschland-eine Skizze. KOERPER (GESCHLECHT): Der alternde Mann - Anschwellen, Abschwellen, Schrumpfen. Zur Kulturgeschichte der Austrocknung. DENKEN (VERANTWORTUNG): Wachstum und Schrumpfung in Biologie, Medizin und Biophysik - Schrumpfen heisst Ausatmen. Analogien zum Wandel in Welt und Wirtschaft - Paradiesische Grenzerinnerungen jenseits von Eden. HANDELN (ORIENTIERUNG): Energie bleibt Energie? Es gibt mehr als ein Gesetz - Von schrumpfenden Mullmengen zu reduzierten Stoffstroemen - MacDonaldisierung, Schrumpfung, Aussterben. ZUKUNFT (ENTSCHEIDUNG): Strukturwandel der Wirtschaft, Entlastung der Umwelt? - Regionalisierung der Markte - Macht-Ohnmacht-Vermachtnis. Eine neue Perspektive - Paradiese. Von einem zu vielen.

The Economics of Environmental Degradation provides an institutional economics approach to analyse the underlying causes of continuing environmental degradation: poverty, population, poor policies and trade.After a critical, up-to-date survey of the most recent literature, the authors consider whether there is some common or deeper explanation of environmental degradation. They conclude that a problem results whenever human exploitation of the environment outruns the capacity of human institutions to adapt and to evolve methods for managing exploitation. Environmental degradation will persist because it is the static result of the ongoing dynamic contest between opportunistic individuals and institutional adaptation. The book assumes no prior knowledge of economics or the environment and will appeal to a wide readership of policymakers and students with a background in economics, geography, conservation biology, environmental studies and development studies.