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Books > Humanities > History > Asian / Middle Eastern history > From 1900 > Postwar, from 1945 > General
At the time it was fought, the war in Korea was unique in recent American military experience. Unlike World Wars I and II, which were vigorously prosecuted on the battlefield until the enemy surrendered unconditionally, the Korean conflict ended without clear-cut military victory for either side. It was fought with limited means for limited objectives. In fact, political efforts to resolve the conflict at the negotiating table predominated during the last two years of the conflict. During this period, neither side sought a decision by military means. The conflict in Korea also was an important milestone in the "cold war" relations between the Communist and non-Communist nations. By launching an unprovoked attack on a militarily insignificant country located in an area where none of their vital interests were involved, the Communists appeared to leaders of the non-Communist states to be giving proof of their aggressive designs for world domination. As a result, the United States reversed the policy of reducing its military establishment and launched an impressive expansion of its armed forces. At the same time, the United States joined with its North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) partners to create a military command for the alliance and to incorporate German forces in it. In the Far East, the United States also acted to shore up the defenses of the non-Communist world by entering into treaties with Australia and New Zealand, the Philippines, Japan, South Korea, and Nationalist China. The Korean War provided the first wartime test for the Joint Chiefs of Staff, acting as part of the machinery set up by the National Security Act of 1947 and its 1949 amendment. In this capacity, they provided strategic direction to the United Nations (UN) forces in the field and were the agency by with President Truman exercised overall control of war strategy. When the focus shifted from combat to armistice negotiations, the Joint Chiefs of Staff continued to play an active role. They participated in all the key decisions taken during negotiations, and they provided the channel of communications between the Government in Washington and Commander in Chief, United Nations Command (CINCUNC), and his armistice negotiating team in Korea. The focus of this volume is, naturally, on the Joint Chiefs of Staff. But as they were not acting in a vacuum, it has been necessary to describe the context in which they functioned. To this end, the actions of the President and the Secretaries of State and Defense concerning overall military strategy and armistice negotiations have been described in some detail. In addition, the consequences of these actions, on the battlefield and at the negotiating table, have been sketched in broad outline.
The U.S. used its armored ground forces with devastating effect in DESERT STORM - the last major land campaign of the 20th century. Tuskers is the story of 4-64 armor battalion, a U.S. tank battalion at the tip of the devastating assault on the Iraqi army. The Tuskers were part of the 24th Infantry Division, the first mechanized division to deploy to Saudi Arabia as part of the DESERT SHIELD defense. After months of preparing in the desert, they led the sweeping left flank attack into the Euphrates River Valley - an attack that went farther and faster than any ground attack in the history of warfare. The Tuskers attacked through the Iraqi 26th Commando Brigade and into the Republican Guards logistics area astride Highway 8 near An Nasiriyah. After severing the Iraqi army's escape route to Baghdad, they continued east on Highway 8 to the the outskirts of Basra. In the final battle of the war, the Tuskers destroyed much of the Iraqi Republican Guards Nebuchadnezzar division as it attempted to escape across the Euphrates River. "Tuskers" is a narrative that describes the unit's deployment, preparation for combat, and their overwhelming success in combat. It focuses primarily at the battalion and company level, detailing not only the actions taking place, but also the thoughts of the men behind the guns as they face combat for the first time.
"In the Wake of the Surge" is a gripping first-person narrative that tells the story of the Kurds, the Arabs, and the Americans in Iraq during one of the most violent and wrenching periods in that country's history. Award-winning foreign correspondent Michael J. Totten visited Iraq seven times between 2005 and 2009, first as a "unilateral" freelance journalist without a gun in the Kurdish autonomous region, and then as an embedded reporter with the U.S. Army and Marine Corps in Baghdad, Sadr City, Ramadi, and Fallujah. He was there at the beginning, in the middle, and at the end of General David Petraeus' "surge" of combat troops to Iraq and saw first-hand how young men from places like Florida and Texas pacified a relentless insurgency-an insurgency that most people, during the darkest days of the war, assumed would be victorious. "In the Wake of the Surge" is a bracing story of war in a tormented country by a writer who has spent enough time in the Middle East to know there are few happy endings, but who nevertheless was a witness when Iraqis and Americans drove each other to the brink of the abyss before managing, against all odds and at the very last second, to pull back and save themselves from utter catastrophe. Praise for Michael J. Totten "I think of only a certain number of people as having risen to the intellectual and journalistic challenges of the last few years, and Michael J. Totten is one of them." - Paul Berman, author of "Terror and Liberalism" "Michael J. Totten...practices journalism in the tradition of Orwell: morally imaginative, partisan in the best sense of the word, and delivered in crackling, rapid-fire prose befitting the violent realities it depicts. An unabashed classical liberal, Totten brings his political commitments and emotional intelligence to bear on the dramatic events he witnesses. As a result, he ends up far more clearsighted than the many analysts who claim 'objectivity' but share neither his love of the region and its inhabitants nor his concern for its future." - Sohrab Ahmari, "Commentary" "Michael J. Totten is a one of a rare breed. Moving from front to front, he brings experience and context and the willingness to go where few men dare." - Michael Yon, author of "Moment of Truth in Iraq" "Michael J. Totten, to my mind, is one of the world's most acute observers of Middle East politics. He is also an absolutely fearless reporter, both physically-he has explored the darkest corners of Middle East extremism-and morally." - Jeffrey Goldberg, author of "Prisoners: A Story of Friendship and Terror" Praise for "The Road to Fatima Gate" "A terrific book about a terrifying and beautiful part of the world." - Benjamin Kerstein, "Jewish Ideas Daily" columnist "It is extremely rare to read such an accurate account of anything to which one was oneself a witness." - Christopher Hitchens, author of "God is Not Great" "A thriller in which a daredevil reporter puts himself in harm's way in search of the inside story of some of the most dangerous outfits in the world." - Amir Taheri, "Asharq al-Awsat" "Outstanding...it grabbed me so quickly that I ended up lost in it." - Claire Berlinski, "Ricochet"
This official U.S. Marine Corps history provides unique information about important aspects of the Korean War.
This book is part of the Korean War Commemorative Series. Official records of the Marine Corps and appropriate historical works were utilized in compiling this chronicle. The author chronicles the role of the Marines in the Chosin Reservoir Campaign.
The author explains why North Korea, though impoverished, nevertheless feels compelled to spend enormous amounts of its scarce resources on developing nuclear bombs and missiles capable of being delivered to the US, or at least to US allies. To most Americans this seems slightly bizarre. But Paone's conclusion is that North Korea is quite rational - it simply wants to DETER the US from doing the same thing as it did during the Korea War: killing three to six million Koreans; burning down hundreds of villages, towns and cities; and leaving behind tens of thousands to live the rest of their lives without limbs or with napalm deformed bodies. We in the US may have only vague recollections of the 36,000 Americans killed or the 93,000 wounded in that war; but the Koreans vividly remember their millions of dead and the countless deformed survivors. Paone sets forth his explanation primarily through American military-oriented sources; the diaries of US Generals; over 200 photos of war scenes taken by US Army and US Air Force personnel; daily Press Releases from General Douglas MacArthur's Command in Tokyo and finally American newspaper accounts.
The Guardian Class explores two seemingly separate subjects-war profits and humanitarian relief-to highlight the inexplicably absurd realities of Washington. Inspired by a small group of infantry medics, the story revolves around their effort to evacuate children from Iraq and Afghanistan for medical care. Skirting government restrictions, the soldiers challenge the most powerful CEOs in America to match their efforts. In so doing, they bypass befuddled authorities in an adventure that is inspiring and hilariously inappropriate.
Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) overthrew Saddam's regime and opened up one of the world's most secretive governments to outside analysis, presenting a once-in-a-generation opportunity for military leaders and historians to delve deep into the decision-making processes of a former adversary. For the first time since a similar project at the end of World War II, we have an opportunity to evaluate military events from not only our own vantage point but also from the perspective of the opposing political and military leadership. Admiral Edmund P. Giambastiani originated this vital and interesting work when he was Commander, United States Joint Forces Command (USJFCOM). As part of a major effort to ensure we fully understood the lessons of OIF, he commissioned a comprehensive analysis of US strengths and weaknesses. This first-of-its-kind venture was led by Brigadier General Robert W. Cone, the then-Director of USJFCOM's Joint Center for Operational Analysis and Lessons Learned (JCOA). Almost as soon as this effort got underway in the spring of 2003, Admiral Giambastiani realized that the study would not be complete unless information about what drove the Iraqis to make the decisions they did was fully integrated into the analysis. To accomplish this, project leader Kevin Woods led a small team of professionals in a systematic two-year study of the former Iraqi regime and military. This book is the fi rst major product of that effort. It presents a comprehensive historical analysis of the forces and motivations that drove our opponent's decisions through dozens of interviews with senior Iraqi military and political leaders and by making extensive use of thousands of official Iraqi documents. Kevin and his team have crafted a substantive examination of Saddam Hussein's leadership and its effect on the Iraqi military decision-making process. Moreover, it goes a long way towards revealing the inner workings of a closed regime from the insiders' point of view. Presented herein is crucial information currently missing from still ongoing analyses of OIF, and much of its content will counter currently accepted wisdom. While the practice of self-critique and gathering lessons learned are distinguishing features of the US military, in almost every past instance our understanding of events remained incomplete because any assessment was limited to a "blue" only view of the situation. While we often had a relatively complete picture of what our adversary did, we remained in the dark as to what motivated his actions. At the conclusion of past conflicts, we were left to speculate which of our actions were causing specific enemy responses and why. Expert analysts and "red team" assessments attempt to make this speculation as informed as possible, but because of the impenetrability of closed regimes, even their usefulness is somewhat limited. In this case, however, by adding the actual "red team's view" to the compilation of multiple, differing viewpoints, this study hopes to contribute to a more fully developed history of the war, and allow all concerned to get closer to "ground truth." General Lance Smith, the current USJFCOM Commander, and the JCOA team remain committed to this and similar projects as part of an ongoing process of learning and improving through the sharing of "ground truth." Though this project is an important initial step, we acknowledge the history of OIF is far from complete. Researchers continue to locate, translate, and analyze information that will shed new light on our former adversary's perspective of the conflict. It is in the interest of getting as much accurate information as possible into the hands of those already studying Operation Iraqi Freedom that we release this book.
The sacrifice of the "Glorious Glosters" in defense of the Imjin River line and the hilltop fights of Australian and Canadian battalions in the Kapyong Valley have achieved greater renown in those nations than any other military action since World War II. This book is the first to compare in depth what happened and why. Using official and unofficial source material ranging from personal interviews to war diaries, this study seeks to disentangle the mythology surrounding both battles and explain why events unfolded as they did. Based on thorough familiarity with all available sources, many not previously utilized, it sheds new light on fighting "the forgotten war."
Colonel Reynolds presents a firsthand account of the struggle to design and implement the air campaign that proved instrumental in defeating Iraq in the Gulf War. Through documentary research and dialogue derived from interviews with key players such as Generals Dugan, Russ, Loh, and Horner, he traces the evolution of the air campaign plan known as Instant Thunder from its origins in the mind of Col John A. Warden III to the decision by General Schwarzkopf to employ airpower as his weapon of choice against Saddam Hussein. Heart of the Storm provides behind-the-scenes insights into how future decisions to use airpower will likely be made.
Black & White Edition Desert Storm Diary is an insightful account of the first Persion Gulf War as witnessed by a reserve officer from North Dakota. Carefully detailed with entries from Col. Franklin Hook's wartime diary, the book captures the experiences of this physician and Army reservist called up and charged with command of the 311th Evacuation Hospital. Col. Hook's riveting report includes caring for patients in a combat zone and flying Medevac missions, while navigating problems with higher headquarters and negotiating with Arab Muslim civilians. Desert Storm Diary documents the chronology of the war, including its major battles, its leaders and its countless heroes. Desert Storm Diary also captures a story beyond military history as it unfolds as a family memoir recounting the Gulf War experiences of Hook's two sons, Bill and Paul, both deployed overseas at the same time and serving as a B-52 pilot and an Abrams M1-A1 tank platoon commander respectively. Bill and Paul's stories are featured as father-son interviews, and Col. Hook captures the spirit of a father's simultaneous pride and concern as he documents Bill's role in the last B-52 mission over Baghdad and describes his own angst over hearing a serviceman from North Dakota was missing after a B-52 bombing run. Col. Hook's memoir closes with an epilogue of informative perspective, "Reflections and the Ten Commandments of Muslim Diplomacy."
Pulitzer Prize finalist David Philipps brings to life the chilling story of how today's American heroes are slipping through the fingers of society - with multiple tours of duty and inadequate mental-health support creating a crisis of PTSD and a large-scale failure of veterans to reintegrate into society. Following the frightening narrative of the 506th Infantry Regiment - who had rebranded themselves as the Lethal Warriors after decades as the Band of Brothers - he reveals how the painful realities of war have multiplied in recent years, with tragic outcomes for America's soldiers, compounded by an indifferent government and a shrinking societal safety net.
This technology project focuses on the Korean War from the U.S. Air Force perspective. It details the start of the war and possible causes. It outlines major players in the war to include President Truman, FEC Commanders MacArthur, Ridgway, and Clark, and FEAF Commanders Stratemeyer and Weyland. The product then chronicles major events of the war in time slices from one month to two years long. Major operations discussed include: the Inchon landing, maintenance of the Pusan Perimeter, the railway interdiction campaign, Operation Strangle, and Operation Saturate. The product lists and compares aircraft in the opposing air forces. It ends with lessons learned from the Korean War.
Chronicles the role of the United States Marines in the defense of the Pusan Perimeter and their part in the expansion of United Nations forces in the Korean War. Captain John C. Chapin earned a bachelor of arts degree with honors in history from Yale University in 1942 and was commissioned later that year. He served as a rifle-platoon leader in the 24th Marines, 4th Marine Division, and was wounded in action in World War II during assault landings on Roi-Namur and Saipan.
The true story of a former narcotics agent sent to Afghanistan
to catch Taliban bomb makers, terrorists, and drug smugglers.
Experience a dangerous and thrilling adventure in
counter-insurgency, uncensored. The author and his rag-tag team of Afghan police officers waged
a private war against the Taliban in order to enforce the law and
protect the citizens of Nangarhar Province. Their efforts were
often suppressed by U.S. military commanders, even though the U.S.
military was the entity that funded the program. Their methods and
appearance would earn them the name of "The Dirty Dozen." While
operating solely under the constraints of Afghan law, they were
able to accomplish what coalition military forces could not: catch
bad guys without killing innocent civilians and without infuriating
the locals. The author questions why conventional military
mentality is still being applied to counter-insurgency operations.
Between Vietnam, Iraq, and Afghanistan, the lesson should by now be
learned that one cannot make friends in a predominately poor,
uneducated culture, while being governed by U.S. military
formality, rules, and regulations. "After billions of U.S. tax dollars have been spent researching
the counter-insurgency strategy in Afghanistan, let me tell you
what actually works: Eat lunch with the Taliban and drink beer with
the locals. I give you that for free." - author Killing Sheep was written in 2010, after the author's tour in
Afghanistan. The book was first published in 2012, and released on
September 11th. While not politically correct or favorable to the
U.S. military, it contains many lessons in
counter-insurgency. The author was fired from the defense company he worked for, due
to the contents of the book. The company also threatened a lawsuit,
in an attempt to suppress its publication. The author is a staunch supporter of the First Amendment and
freedom of speech. He firmly believes that dissent is the ultimate
form of patriotism.
Stated U.S. policy is to ensure that Afghanistan will not again become a base for terrorist attacks against the United States. Following policy reviews in 2009, the Obama Administration asserted that it was pursuing a well-resourced and integrated military-civilian strategy intended to pave the way for a gradual transition to Afghan leadership from July 2011 until the end of 2014. To carry out U.S. policy, a total of 51,000 additional U.S. forces were authorised by the two 2009 reviews, which brought U.S. troop numbers to a high of about 99,000, with partner forces adding about 42,000. The U.S. official view is that security gains achieved by the surge could be at risk from weak Afghan governance and insurgent safe havens in Pakistan, and that Afghanistan will still need direct security assistance after 2014. This book examines Afghanistan's post-Taliban governance and security, with a focus on U.S. policy and increasing emphasis on the need for a negotiated settlement to the Afghan conflict.
This is the story of the ships that responded to the foggy and chaotic start to the Korean War. The invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950 came as a complete surprise to the West. The North Koreans attacked without warning and such ferocity that it was unclear whether the Republic of South Korea would survive. When the conflict erupted, the post-World War II navies of the United States and Great Britain had been dramatically reduced in size, strength, and perceived need. The limited U.S. and British naval forces that responded to the onslaught of the communist incursion had no intel regarding North Korea's war plan or the possible military intentions of the Soviet Union. The crisis was fraught with tension as the first days and weeks of the suddenly hot "Cold War" unfolded. From atomic considerations, evacuations, air and submarine threats, surface gunnery actions, airstrikes, shore bombardments, special ops, to amphibious landings and mine warfare, the naval forces present at the beginning of the war had to do it all in this eye-opening display of the vital importance of sea power. With 39 photographs, 6 maps, and 272 footnotes, this history not only tells the story of the initial stage of the war at sea in Korea but goes on to follow the service careers and fates of the warships and other vessels after their unexpected and volatile nexus in the summer of 1950.
Full of energy and ambition, Anthony Mena, struggles with the
decision of which military branch he will join when he graduates
from high school. Towards the end of the school-year, he enlists in
the United States Air Force to serve in Security Forces. In spite
of his mother's protest, Anthony leaves to basic training a month
after graduation in hope of deploying to fight in the war-torn
country of Iraq.
The lightning campaign that toppled the Saddam Hussein regime in Iraq in the spring of 2003 seemed to herald the arrival of a new way of war, as Germany's blitzkrieg had done at the beginning of World War II. But the initial victory soon devolved into a persistent counterinsurgency conflict reminiscent of the long U.S. effort to pacify the Philippines after the rapid defeat of Spain in 1898. In Iraq, American soldiers and their Coalition partners had merely traded one fairly weak and generally conventional opponent for a more deadly, diverse, and determined foe relying on the tactics of the guerrilla and the terrorist. This volume focuses on that second and longer campaign. But rather than a narrative of the overall course of the conflict, it provides a soldier's-eye view of the war by focusing on detailed accounts of selected engagements. Each illustrates the everyday challenges that America's soldiers faced in a difficult struggle against an inventive and often elusive enemy. Weapons, doctrine, and procedures developed to fight a conventional campaign against a similar opposing force had to be adapted to fit a different type of conflict. The U.S. Army's combat and support forces brought both resourcefulness and resilience to this task while continuing to demonstrate the same courage shown by previous generations fighting the nation's battles. These stories not only symbolize the tip of the spear formed by units in contact, but they also represent the contributions of all American men and women who have served their country in Operation Iraqi Freedom. Taken together, these accounts will provide our deploying leaders and soldiers a better understanding of the environment that they will encounter and prepare them for the work that must be done.
On January 17, 1991, airmen from all military services and 10 nations became the "thunder and lightning" of Operation Desert Storm, the multinational military offensive sanctioned by the United States to liberate Kuwait from the domination of Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein. What occurred is a classic in the decisive application of aerospace power. Desert Storm will continue to spawn numerous histories and analyses. Few, however, will be as focused and useful to airmen as this.
After Southeast Asia, analysts and force planners came to the realization that there was a fundamental difference between search and rescue (SAR) in a permissive area and in an area that was not permissive (i.e., under enemy control). This second condition is now called combat search and rescue or CSAR. At the time of Desert Storm, the two forms of rescue were defined thusly: Search and Rescue (SAR): Use of aircraft, surface craft, submarines, personnel, and equipment to locate and recover personnel in distress on land or at sea. Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR): A specialized SAR task performed by rescue-capable forces to effect recovery of distressed personnel from hostile territory during contingency operations or wartime.2 The development of this rescue capability has been well established. Dr. Robert Futrell documented our efforts in Korea in The United States Air Force in Korea, 1950-1953. His work was followed by Dr. Earl Tilford's Search and Rescue in South east Asia, which eloquently chronicled the heroic efforts of the rescue crews in that conflict who brought back literally thousands of airmen. It extensively documented what is now considered the "golden age" of rescue. This work is meant to follow in those traditions and will focus on our CSAR efforts in the Persian Gulf War of 1991, or more specifically, the period of Operation Desert Storm, 17 January to 28 February 1991. Overall, CSAR in Desert Storm appears to have been a mixed bag. Because of advances in precision weaponry, Global Positioning System (GPS) technology, countermeasures, and training, relatively few coalition aircraft were shot down. Forty-three coalition aircraft were lost in combat, most over high-threat areas. Eighty-seven coalition airmen, soldiers, sailors, and marines were isolated in enemy or neutral territory. Of that total, 48 were killed, one is still listed as missing, 24 were immediately captured, and 14 were exposed in enemy territory. Of those who survived, most landed in areas controlled by enemy troops. Of the few actually rescueable, six were not rescued for a variety of reasons, but primarily because of limitations in CENTAF's ability to locate them accurately and in a timely manner.
In the summer of 2010, a unit of Danish soldiers known as ISAF-10 deployed to Afghanistan under British command. In Helmand Province, they tried to secure a fragile peace while dealing with the challenges of training an often apparently indifferent Afghan police and army, ensuring a functioning collaboration with the British despite insufficient military intelligence and divergent military cultures, and fell under frequent attack by an increasingly sophisticated and deadly Taliban. In this remarkable book, Kjeld Hald Galster tells their story. He also looks at the wider picture, examining coalitions ranging from Ancient Greece to the Cold War. Exploring the millennia-long history of coalition warfare, he looks at what makes them work, the lessons they teach us, and how they reflect - and predict - the rise and downfall of the coalitions of the willing in Afghanistan and Iraq, and those yet to come.
Robert "Bobby" Washkowiak battles his way through the first bitter winter of the Korean War longing for home, his wife and newborn son. Fifty years later, his son and grandson come across his wartime letters and together, they try to find out what happened to Bobby on one of the battlefields of that forgotten war.
This essay is a brief history of the U.S. army during the years immediately following the Korean War. For many in our own time that period-corresonding to the two terms of the Eisenhower presidency-has acquired an aura of congenial simplicity. Americans who survived Vietnam, Watergate, and painful economical difficulties wistfully recall the 1950s as a time when the nation possessed a clearly-charted course and had the will and the power to follow it.
From June 25, 1950, to May 20, 1951, Lt. Gen. George E. Stratemeyer, the Far East Air Forces commander, kept a diary of his activities during the Korean War. A number of general officers kept such diaries during World War II, although the practice was generally frowned upon by higher headquarters and, in the Navy at least, was against regulations. In the Korean War, the writing of such works became less wide-spread. Surprisingly, however, three diaries written by senior Air Force officers (Stratemeyer, Maj. Gen. Earle E. Partridge, Commander, Fifth Air Force, and Maj. Gen. Edward J. Timberlake, Vice Commander, Fifth Air Force) exist from the Korean War. These three diaries view the war from different perspectives: Stratemeyer's from a high-level planning, strategy, and political viewpoint; Partridge's from a mid-level planning and operational plane; Timberlake's from a slightly lower operational level. This book, however, deals only with General Stratemeyer's diary. It is a valuable document because his position as Far East Air Forces commander allowed him to observe the war and its personalities from a unique perspective. General Stratemeyer had his secretary type his diary entries onto 6 by 9 1/2-inch loose-leaf lined pages. Totalling some 750 pages, these were then placed into three large binders covering the periods June 25 - September 15, 1950, September 16 - December 16, 1950, and December 17, 1950 - May 20, 1951. The editor has changed this time division somewhat to conform to certain significant events and to make each section more or less equal in length. September 14 now ends the first section; the second section begins the following day with the Inch'on landings and concludes on November 25 with the opening of the massive Chinese Communist offensive; the final section covers the period November 26, 1950, to May 20, 1951, the date of Stratemeyer's heart attack. The reader should be aware that, although it was the intent of the editor to keep this diary as published as close as possible to the original, it is not the "raw" diary as Stratemeyer had it transcribed. By remaining close to the original, all messages have been retained even though some were word-for-word repeats of messages entered earlier, perhaps just a paragraph before. However, to prevent an overload of "sics," brackets or other such emendations, certain editorial changes have been made. This has been done primarily to make the text more readable. As General Stratemeyer wrote the diary and his secretary typed it, punctuation tended to wander or be non-existent at times. Commas and other such punctuation were often omitted, resulting in words which ran together or created occasional odd sentences. Also, Stratemeyer (or his secretary) often used quotation marks randomly for no particular reason. He (or they) also tended to capitalize everything that had an "official" ring to it, regardless of whether it was necessary or not (e.g., "Ground Force," "Border," etc.). In the case of place names, at times he capitalized the entire name but in the next sentence capitalized only the first letter of the name. Therefore, proper punctuation and capitalization has been inserted throughout the text. United State Air Force, Air Force History and Museums Program. |
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