When studying aims and programs for elementary schools historically, we find that knowledge and skills have been among the dominating factors in the elementary school curriculum throughout the last century. The terms knowledge and skills usually are defined as basic skills which children are supposed to learn at school. In the USA, the basic skills also have been called the three R's, synonymous with arithmetic, reading, and writing. Because competence in the basic skills is a prerequisite for knowledge acquisition of other school subjects, e.g. science, history, etc, it is important that the learning and instruction of the basic skills are adapted to students' needs and readiness. As the three R's are fundamental and significant skills for children's learning and progress in other subject matters, systematic learning and training in the these basic skills are afforded much space and time in the children's curriculum during the first years of schooling. Although several common traits can be found among the three R's, this book concentrates on giving an outline on research in children's learning and performance of writing, and to some extent of reading.

This quality Eisenbrauns reprint (now in its third printing) of Crichton’s 1904 translation of Nöldeke’s Kurzgefasste Syrische Grammatik incorporates for the first time Anton Schall’s transcription of the great Semitist’s original handwritten supplementary material (translated by Peter T. Daniels). Nöldeke outlines in great detail the orthography, phonology, morphology, and syntax of Syriac in this reference grammar.

A Complete Learning-Program for Intermediate Spanish Wiley is proud to present a flexible new Intermediate Spanish series that makes learning fun! Two texts combined with a workbook and a complete audio program immerse students in the language via real-life vignettes, media, and photos! All components of the program are closely coordinated to reinforce key grammatical and vocabulary points. Mundo Unido: Repaso y conversacion Maria Canteli Dominicis, St. John's University 58485-1 Reinforcing all four skills, the grammar review features clear explanations and numerous realia-based exercises. The exercises promote an active use of the language with many pair and group and self-expression activities.

• Turns grammar review into a fun, culturally enriching experience by placing it in a realistic meaningful context. This is achieved through the inclusion of brief readings, lots of realia and photos, and profiles of famous Hispanics.
• Crystal clear grammatical explanations are immediately applied in dialogues and prose. English is used to help clarify more difficult points. Directions and the exercises themselves are given in Spanish.
• Unique escenas illustrate vocabulary and provide a springboard for conversations and activities.
• Contemporary readings open each chapter to introduce the theme and provide contextualized vocabulary.

• A wide selection of short and long readings includes bothcultural and literary selections with the majority reflecting Hispanic life in the 90's. Some of the authors featured include Isabel Allende, Octavio Paz, Carmen Martin Gaite, and Gloria Fuertes.
• A great smorgasbord of realia-based exercises that range from traditional grammatical and vocabulary review to more communicative exercises encourage self-expression and pair and group work.
• Reading and writing strategies enhance reading habits, vocabulary acquisition, and writing skills.

• Workbook/Lab Manual--contains grammar and verb review to better prepare students for the in-class communicative exercises. It also has fun vocabulary applications through descriptive visuals, crossword puzzles, realia, etc. The lab portion includes oral exercises for practicing vocabulary, listening comprehension, and oral expression activities.
• Audio Cassettes--twelve 30-minute cassettes that reinforce vocabulary, listening comprehension, and oral expression. A Tapescript is also available.

Biblical Hebrew Vocabulary by Conceptual Categories by J. David Pleins with Jonathan Homrighausen is an innovative study reference intended for both introductory and advanced students of the Hebrew language to help them understand and remember vocabulary based on logical categories of related words. Since our minds acquire and recall language by making associations between related words it is only natural that we would study language in this way. By organizing Hebrew vocabulary into logical categories, as opposed to frequency, students can quickly begin to familiarize themselves with entire groups of terms and more readily acquaint themselves with the ranges of meaning of particular Hebrew words. This reference tool focuses on nouns in the Old Testament, and includes over 175 word grouping categories including pottery, ships, birds, jewelry, seasons, and many more. For each Hebrew term a definition is given and a reference in the Hebrew Bible appears so readers can see the word in context. For many words additional lexical references are indicated where students can look for further study. Words that hapax legomena (words appearing only once in the Hebrew Bible) are marked with an "H" and words that are rare and appear less than 10 times are marked with an "R." Two helpful appendices equip students for further study, these include 1) a Guide for Further Reading where recommendations are given for helpful resources for studying the larger macro categories and 2) Lists of "cluster verses" where several words in a given category appear together, giving students the ability to see how these words function together in context. Biblical Hebrew Vocabulary by Conceptual Categories is intended to move students beyond rote memorization to a more dynamic grasp of Hebrew vocabulary, ultimately equipping them to read with more fluidity and with a deeper and more intuitive grasp of the biblical text.

'Caroline Taggart has carved out a niche for herself in user-friendly, wittily written factual books.' - Yorkshire Post ______________________ In this highly entertaining book, language enthusiast and Sunday Times best-selling author Caroline Taggart browses through thousands of years of history to shed light on why we use the words and phrases we do. Arranged by themes including food, the household, childhood, romance and more, this intriguing book looks at the origins of our language from their historical context. For example, did you know that: If you rest on your laurels, you're imitating a complacent Roman general? If you eavesdrop, you're likely to get wet? If you're taken aback, you should, strictly speaking, be a sailing ship? If you're galvanized into action, you're behaving like Frankenstein's monster? From blue-blooded (an invention of aristocratic Spaniards) to limelight (a way of lighting Victorian theatres), passing an exam with flying colours (another image from sailing ships) to winning hands down (from horse racing), Humble Pie and Cold Turkey will answer questions you may never have thought to ask. Including why turkeys need to be cold and how pies came to be humble.

Do you want to communicate easily and freely in Hindi? Master Hindi grammar and broaden your vocabulary with your very own Hindi Tutor. This contemporary interactive workbook features 200 activities across a range of grammar and vocabulary points with clear goals, concise explanations, and real-world tasks. By studying and practising Hindi grammar you'll understand how the language really works and be able to speak Hindi with clarity and ease. What will I learn? The Hindi Tutor: Grammar and Vocabulary Workbook covers a comprehensive range of the most useful and common grammar and vocabulary in Hindi. You can follow along unit by unit, or dip in and dip out to address your weak areas. As you progress, you will be introduced to new vocabulary and combine it with the grammar to complete extensive exercises. You will then practice the language through authentic reading and writing practice. You will achieve a solid upper intermediate level* of Hindi grammar. Is this course for me? The Hindi Tutor: Grammar and Vocabulary Workbook can be used as a standalone course or as a complement to any other Hindi course. It offers extensive practice and review of essential grammar points and vocabulary and skills building along with an overview of Hindi script. The personal tutor element points out exceptions and gives tips to really help you perfect your Hindi. What do I get? This Hindi workbook offers a range of clear and effective learning features: -200 activities across a range of grammar and vocabulary points -Unique visuals and infographics for extra context and practice -Personal tutor hints and tips to help you understand language rules and culture points -Learn to learn section offers tips and advice on how to be a successful language learner Twenty short learning units each contain: -communication goals to guide your studies -grammar explanations with extensive exercises -vocabulary presentations and activities -reading and writing sections to consolidate your learning *This workbook maps from from A2 advanced beginner to B2 upper intermediate level of the CEFR (Common European Framework of Reference for Languages) and intermediate-low to advanced-mid level proficiency of ACTFL (American Council on Teaching Foreign Languages) guidelines. Rely on Teach Yourself, trusted by language learners for over 75 years.

Exam board: AQA, Edexcel, OCR, WJEC/Eduqas Level: A-level Subject: Spanish First teaching: September 2016 First exams: Summer 2018 Make Spanish grammar second nature with this trusted reference book containing over 300 activities - now completely revised in line with the new A-level specifications. - Supplement key resources in class or encourage independent practice at home, with clear explanations of the grammar points needed at A-level and knowledge-check exercises throughout - Prepare for assessment with longer application activities focused on developing writing skills such as translation and summary - Build confidence as exercises get increasingly more challenging to mirror students' advancement throughout the course - Check students' progress with regular grammar tests and all answers supplied online

A Reference Grammar of the Onondaga Language is a text-based reference grammar of a highly endangered language. The Onondaga language is a Northern Iroquoian language spoken at Six Nations Reserve near Brantford Ontario and at Onondaga Nation near Syracuse, New York. The approach was chosen to insure that the language not be seen through an English filter. The source materials come from many years of the author's own field work, and from extensive documentation of Onondaga texts dating back to the late nineteenth century. Woodbury uses the many text examples to provide detailed and careful explanations of the language's phonological and grammatical processes and takes particular care to explain the technical vocabulary she uses for the convenience of students of the language. Intended as a companion volume to the Onondaga-English/English-Onondaga Dictionary published by University of Toronto Press in 2003, A Reference Grammar of the Onondaga Language is an accessible guide for students and teachers of the Iroquoian languages, and for the non-Iroquoian linguist with interests in comparative work on Indigenous languages and culture.

In one of the most thorough studies ever prepared of a California language, Hill's grammar reviews the phonology, morphology, syntax and discourse features of Cupeno, a Uto-Aztecan (takic) language of California. Cupeno exhibits many unusual typological features, including split ergativity, that require linguists to revise our understanding of the development of the Uto-Aztecan family of languages in historical and areal perspective.

The ideal review for your English grammar course

More than 40 million students have trusted Schaum's Outlines for their expert knowledge and helpful solved problems. Written by renowned experts in their respective fields, Schaum's Outlines cover everything from math to science, nursing to language. The main feature for all these books is the solved problems. Step-by-step, authors walk readers through coming up with solutions to exercises in their topic of choice. 100 practice exercises with 1,295 practice items Outline format facilitates quick and easy review Covers all important topics in English grammar Appropriate for the following courses: Practical Writing, Expository Writing, Essay Writing, First-Year English, Logic and Rhetoric, ESL Classes Many exercises demonstrating every grammatical topic reinforce students' skills Updated and clarified explanations of parts of speech and usage Complete answer key for all problems and exercises

Collocations and Action Research is a thorough investigation of both the theory and practice behind improving second language learners' vocabulary and fluency through the teaching of multi-word units of language. Taking these collocations as its focus, this book provides a clear and in-depth description of the cognitive processing language learners go through when producing speech in relation to them. Using the findings of a two-year action research study into improving learners' spoken fluency, Joshua Brook Antle also explores the practical sides of collocations, explaining how the research study was constructed and conducted. Orientating the findings within the larger field of second language acquisition, especially within the L2 classroom, the practical applications of the findings are then presented through a series of pedagogical tasks all focusing on collocations and productive fluency. Providing a template for how to conduct an action research study using both qualitative and quantitative research techniques, Collocations and Action Research will appeal to researchers interested in vocabulary and spoken fluency, as well as language instructors wanting to better understand the nature of vocabulary and spoken discourse.

Do you want to communicate easily and freely in Swedish? Master Swedish grammar and broaden your vocabulary with your very own Swedish Tutor. This contemporary interactive workbook features 200 activities across a range of grammar and vocabulary points with clear goals, concise explanations, and real-world tasks. By studying and practicing Swedish grammar you'll understand how the language really works and be able to speak Swedish with clarity and ease. What will I learn? The Swedish Tutor: Grammar and Vocabulary Workbook covers a comprehensive range of the most useful and frequent grammar and vocabulary in Swedish. You can follow along unit by unit, or dip in and dip out to address your weak areas. As you progress, you will be introduced to new vocabulary and combine it with the grammar to complete extensive exercises. You will then practice the language through authentic reading and writing practice. You will achieve a solid upper intermediate level* of Swedish grammar. Is this course for me? The Swedish Tutor: Grammar and Vocabulary Workbook can be used as a standalone course or as a complement to any other Swedish course. It offers extensive practice and review of essential grammar points and vocabulary and skills building. The personal tutor element points out exceptions and gives tips to really help you perfect your Swedish. What do I get? This Swedish workbook offers a range of clear and effective learning features: -200 activities across a range of grammar and vocabulary points -Unique visuals and infographics for extra context and practice -Personal tutor hints and tips to help you to understand language rules and culture points -Learn to learn section offers tips and advice on how to be a good language learner 20 short learning units each contain: -communication goals to guide your studies -grammar explanations with embedded exercises -vocabulary presentations and activities -reading and writing sections to consolidate your learning What other courses are available? For further study and practice, see Get Started in Swedish (ISBN 9781444175202) and Complete Swedish: Teach Yourself (ISBN 9781444195101). Rely on Teach Yourself, trusted by language learners for over 75 years.