This book presents a comprehensive view of recent developments in the theory of international trade agreements and political economy, by focusing on research by Raymond Riezman. This pioneering work introduced terms of trade effects and strategic behavior to the theory of international trade agreements. This is complemented by a careful analysis of how politics affects international trade agreements.The book brings together work which focuses on the question of why international trade agreements occur and what forms they take.

Latin America has a pivotal role to play in international trade negotiations. This book focuses on the key issues for Latin American countries' participation in trade negotiations on the shifting ground of expanding trade agendas, diversifying negotiation fora, and emerging coalitions. Through analysis of the management of sectors, the management of competition and conflict, and the interplay of interests and coalitions, Diana Tussie and a team of local and international experts unravel the strands of the complex web of trade negotiations.

This book looks at East Asia's monetary and financial integration from both Asian and European perspectives. It analyzes the Euro area's framework for monetary policy implementation, introduced in 1999. It reviews the efforts to foster regional monetary and financial integration and relates them to Europe's own evolution. It highlights successes and failures in both cases and offers a careful assessment of the state of play. A central theme of the volume is that the East Asian reliance on markets is not enough to promote the kind of deep integration that Europe has achieved and that provides protection against exchange rate turbulence. The implications of the recent global crisis are also examined.
Written by two of the foremost monetary experts on Asia and Europe, this book will be an invaluable aid to students and academics interested in the relevance of the European experience to the debates about monetary integration in East Asia.

With the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the U.S. proposal for the widening of NAFTA to include the whole of the Western Hemisphere, there is now a greater mutuality of interest between the U.S. and the rest of the hemisphere than at any time in the recent past. Mexico, Canada, and the United States continue to deepen and refine their understanding of the practical implications of NAFTA. Latin American and Caribbean countries--most now democracies--have altered their development philosophy, placing greater stress on the workings of the market and opening their own markets to import competition. North America and other hemispheric subregions are seeking greater economic integration behind lowered trade barriers. Under this new philosophy, what other countries of the hemisphere most want is assurance of access to the markets of each other and the United States. This common thinking is what makes the present a most propitious moment for hemispheric cooperation.

The twelve papers in this volume provide information on and analysis of trade flows among developing countries (which are mostly in the Southern Hemisphere). In the early 1980s the worldwide recession brought about a slowing of trade among the South-South countries. Subsequently, given the slower growth of the developed countries, the authors of these papers believe there is hope for economic growth, increased trade, and improved balance of payments in trade among the developing nations. The papers included here are the result of a research project initiated by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). This is a relatively new field, and these papers are a major source of information. They go beyond the confines of neo-classical theory, discussing the dynamic role of trade in the development and industrialization of developing countries.

"South-South Trade" presents a diversity of topics and approaches. On the supply side, the work is on identifying the determinants of the shifting comparative advantage over time of newly industrializing countries (NICs) and their impact on directions of trade. On the demand side, changes in the global patterns of income distribution, especially relating to the capital surplus oil exporting countries supplying the south, are explored. In manufacturing trade, the changes in organization of production and trade, including the corporate strategies of transnational corporations (TNCs), are assessed. Specific papers deal with agricultural and manufactured products and investment-related technological services. This work analyzes South-South trade within the framework of a world undergoing growth and structural change, where developing countries have attempted to diversify both the composition and geographical destination of their imports.

In Europe, Africa is often called the forgotten continent. The collapse of states, violent conflicts and natural disasters shape the public perception of Africa in Europe, while the political perspectives tend to be grossly neglected. This book wants to challenge this image in the eyes of many people through a profound analysis of main aspects of African-European relations.

This book discusses the economic interaction and interdependence that has arisen amongst nations in the contemporary world economy, the nature and significance of the pattern of trade balances that have resulted from them and the question of what, if anything, should be done by national governments about that pattern. The need for international coordination of economic policies is also investigated.

This book adds a whole new dimension to the editors' previous work on the social, economic, and environmental effects of global trade. For the first time it brings all three pillars of sustainability together into one coherent multiregional input-output (MRIO) framework. It shows the power of MRIO analysis to illuminate the local and global interdependencies of economic, environmental, and social systems and the benefits to be gained through analysing all three together. Change one thing and everything else changes. With chapters from around 60 researchers across 34 countries, this book illustrates the effect of natural resources and government policy settings 1990-2015 on the balancing act that was-and is-global trade. It provides a holistic systems' view of how supply chains work, revealing how easily they can become fragmented and out of kilter. And within all the chaos of COVID-19 it shows how MRIO is the one tool that can help rebuild a post-pandemic global economy into a fairer, safer world.

The Political Economy of International Commodity Cartels examines how international commodity cartels in the 1930s were impacted not only by commercial rivalry, but also by international trade political and diplomatic concerns. This work presents the rise and decline of the European Timber Exporters' Convention (ETEC) and analyses how firms navigated through the cartel game under increasing international competition, pressures from the national governments, and the interventionist endeavours of the League of Nations. Cartels are often associated with, in the standard economic interpretation, business collusion. However, in using vast archive sources and historical methodology, the chapters in this book shed light onto how international relations shaped cartels. The rise of British protectionism, the emergence of the Soviet Union as an industrial power, and the economic rapprochement of the League of Nations in the early 1930s created a wave of political and diplomatic challenges in the timber trading countries and affected cartelisation. Timber firms in the biggest producer countries-Finland and Sweden-were uninterested in international cartel collaboration, but under pressure joined the ETEC nevertheless. This book makes a strong contribution to the fields of business history and cartel studies. It is an essential read for economic historians interested in how political pressure shaped international cartels and how cartels became avenues of diplomacy.

The Soviet Union and its Republics have immense business potential. Industrial sectors are in need of modernization and development, a domestic market of over 280 million people is hungry for consumer goods, and there is a largely untapped resource of intellectual property. In addition, there is a huge capacity for exportable raw materials.;Despite political manoeuvring, perestroika has created a framework for foreign investment and much work is going on behind the scenes to develop enabling legislation at all-Union and Republic level. Over 3000 joint ventures in the Soviet Union involving foreign firms have been registered. Joint stock companies are being set up and there is talk of privatization. Soviet citizens are learning how to run businesses in a market economy and Western firms are finding that they too have much to learn about trading in the USSR. This book is designed to help the learning process and provide working knowledge of foreign investment in the Soviet Union. It provides practical advice, from East and West, with chapters on business law, taxation, banking, foreign exchange and more.

Globalization presents a paradox in light of the tendency toward regionalization in world trade and investment, and the emergence of the three economic super blocs--the Asia-Pacific Rim, North America, and the European Economic Community. The Third World countries and regions in Africa, Latin America, and elsewhere are left out of the action. This work states the fundamental problems that face Africa, draws the attention of the world policy makers to the problems, and proposes answers and solutions.

The book examines the economic performance and commercial prospects in the ASEAN economies. It provides a soundly researched and concisely presented analysis of (a) current economic growth, development and performance in the major economies (the economic tigers and dragons) in the ASEAN in the recent years, and (b) the prospects of these on investment, trade, and business between these economies and other countries in a global context via both bilateral and multilateral international economic relations.

Transforming NATO: New Allies, Missions, and Capabilities, by Ivan Dinev Ivanov, examines the three dimensions of NATO s transformation since the end of the Cold War: the addition of a dozen new allies; the undertaking of new missions such as peacekeeping, crisis response, and stabilization; and the development of new capabilities to implement these missions. The book explains these processes through two mutually reinforcing frameworks: club goods theory and the concept of complementarities. NATO can be viewed as a diverse, heterogeneous club of nations providing collective defense to its members, who, in turn, combine their military resources in a way that enables them to optimize the Alliance s capabilities needed for overseas operations. Transforming NATO makes a number of theoretical contributions. First, it offers new insights into understanding how heterogeneous clubs operate. Second, it introduces a novel concept, that of complementarities. Finally, it re-evaluates the relevance of club goods theory as a framework for studying contemporary international security. These conceptual foundations apply to areas well beyond NATO. They provide useful insights into understanding the operation of transatlantic relations, alliance politics, and a broader set of international coalitions and partnerships. This update in April 2013 covers new developments related to NATO s transformation after this book was originally published: http: //homepages.uc.edu/ ivanovid/pdfs/book_update.pdf"

With the increasing integration of the major economies of the world, trade frictions have also increased. The Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations, once scheduled for completion in December 1990, has been slowed over the issue of agricultural subsidies. The U.S.-Japanese trade relations have continued to be a source of friction between the two countries. At issue in all these disputes is whether the United States and other countries are playing ""fairly"" in the international trade arena.The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) outlines a variety of rules designed to ensure fairness. The United States, like other GATT signatories, has enacted statutes designed, for the most part, to be consistent with the GATT requirements. In this book, Richard Boltuck and Robert E. Litan, joined by a team of attorneys and economists with direct experience in ""unfair trade"" practice investigations, provide the first study of how one of the U.S. governmental agencies charged with implementing the U.S. laws governing unfair trade the Department of Commerce has actually discharged its statutory mission. In particular, the book focuses on the antidumping and countervailing duty statutes, provisions allowing the United States to impose offsetting duties on imports that are sold here at prices below those charged by the producers in their home countries that benefit from subsidies provided by foreign governments to encourage exports. Although these provisions may have once been obscure parts of the U.S. trade laws, they have figured importantly in many recent celebrated trade disputes, including those involving the import of foreign-made semiconductors, steel, lumber, screen displays for laptop computers, word processors, and minivan vehicles. All but one of the authors in the volume are highly critical of the procedures used by the Department of Commerce to calculate margins of dumping and export subsidization. Specifically, they find that at many points in the investigations, both through substantive and procedural requirements, there is a bias toward higher margins, and therefore higher import duties, than is warranted by economic theory; and in some cases by the GATT antidumping and subsidy codes themselves. Significantly, these authors contend that most of the biases can be removed without legislative change, but rather through changes in administrative practice.

Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models have been widely used for various economic simulations, such as, trade liberalization, environmental problems, and regulatory and tax reforms. CGE models are powerful but tend to be large-scale and, therefore, often difficult to learn. This book provides a comprehensive A-to-Z guide for CGE models. Focusing on its practical application, readers can learn from the simplest CGE models, and proceed, in a step-by-step manner, to database construction, programming for computation, and developing more elaborated CGE models, which can be applied empirically to actual simulation purposes. Particular emphasis is placed on computer programs of CGE models. Readers can obtain knowledge and skills from which they can develop and operate their own CGE models, and apply them to their research. This book is essential reading for all interested in computational economics, advanced macroeconomics, international trade, regional development, development economics.

Since 1985, the process of European unification has accelerated. Physical, technical, and fiscal barriers that separate the 12 countries are being removed, creating the largest mass market in the world. However, the market is not a homogeneous one. Cultural differences still exist; language barriers remain. If there is a Euro-retailer it will be a Euro-retailer that communicates in many languages, anticipates the unique tastes of countless cultures, and maximizes the economies of scale in production to offer the most attractive and unique merchandise at competitive price points.

Distribution logistics within each country are presented along with case studies of major retailers. Internationalization strategies and strategic alliances of retail companies are analyzed. The return of German retailers to the former GDR and distribution opportunities within Eastern Europe are highlighted. Extensive use of on-line financial reports produced by major security offices provide the most current information about this dynamic industry.

The trade in spices is one of the oldest and, at one time, one of the most important forms of commerce. While taken for granted today, spices have been coveted, plundered, fought over, and hoarded throughout history. The Age of Exploration was fueled in part by the desire to find direct routes to the spice-growing regions of Asia. Fortunes were made, battles fought, and countries conquered to satisfy the Western spice trade. This book is the first comprehensive bibliography on the economic and historical aspects of the spice trade. Arranged in broad chronological categories, the bibliography lists monographs, periodical articles, and other miscellaneous sources, including pamphlets and maps.

The first chapter includes sources covering more than one time period or the entire history of the spice trade. Chapter two covers the period from Biblical times through the fall of the Roman Empire, c. 400 A.D., including ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome, and the Holy Land. The Dark Ages and Middle Ages, from c. 400 to 1500, are covered in chapter three. Chapter four covers the Age of Exploration and Colonialism, including the European voyages and the colonization of Africa, Asia, and the Americas. The final chapter provides selective coverage of the post-World War II era. Sources listed in all chapters are in Western languages and available in U.S. libraries.

Agriculture has been the unruly horse of the GATT/WTO system for a long time and efforts to halter it are still ongoing. This Research Handbook focuses on aspects of agricultural production and trade policy that are recognized for their importance but are often kept out of the limelight, such as the implication of national and international agricultural production and trade policies on national food security, global climate change, and biotechnology. It provides a summary of the state of the WTO agriculture negotiations as well as the relevant jurisprudence, but also, and uniquely, it focuses on the new and emerging issues of agricultural trade law and policy that are rarely addressed in the existing literature. With contributions from a multi-disciplinary team of leading analysts from around the world, this Research Handbook will appeal to trade negotiators, international trade law and policy academics as well as postgraduate students in the field. Contributors include: K. Anderson, D. Blandford, M. Cardwell, I. Carreno, M.G. Desta, G. Dutfield, C. Haberli, L.A. Jackson, T. Josling, E. Laurenza, A. Matthews, J.A. McMahon, F. Smith, S. Switzer

This volume, which grew out of a study conducted by the East-West Center, analyzes the friction in telecommunications trade between the United States and Japan and the consequent imposition of the Super 301 clause on Japan. Giving both the U.S. and Japanese viewpoints, the book discusses trade in telecommunications and the events that led to the Super 301 clause and the Strategic Impediments Initiative. It also provides an in-depth analysis of GATT issues and what may be expected from the current Uruguay Round. Telecommunications deregulation and privatization in both countries are carefully assessed as are the social, policial, and cultural implications of the trade conflict, which led to President Bush's recent visit to Japan. The first book to focus specifically on trade in communications equipment between the United States and Japan, the volume fills a critical gap in the literature.

This book analyses India's trade policy evolution in the last two decades in the broad context of trends and patterns in global trade and in particular, with reference to the emergence of global value chains (GVCs). Through an in-depth analysis of its trade policy evolution in the 2000s, the author explains India's limited share of global merchandise trade, especially manufacturing trade and relatively low GVC integration. The book discusses India's trade policy, pattern and global trade participation not just in the comparative context of China as is true of most analyses relating to the Indian economy, economic reforms and trade liberalization in India but also in the context of regional economies like Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Bangladesh and other emerging market economies (EMEs) that have successfully integrated with GVCs/ RVCs in the period under reference. Progress and nature of India's value chain participation relative to other economies has been evaluated in this context. The book further examines policy developments with respect to traditional trade measures like tariffs and export schemes, trade and GVC related policies in special economic zones (SEZs) as well as GVC-facilitating policy instruments such as regional/ free trading agreements (RTAs/FTAs) and investment treaties. Three sectoral case studies - automobiles, textiles and apparel and electronics - are presented to examine India's participation in these dynamic GVC intensive sectors. An important study of one of the fastest growing economies in the world for almost two decades, this book will be of substantial interest to academics and policymakers in the fields of Economics, International Economics, Foreign Policy, Economic Relations, Economic Diplomacy, Indian- Southeast/East Asian Economics.

The growth of the services sector in developing countries and their increased participation in trade in services have far-reaching implications for promotion of employment and income and management of international migration. The book brings out these implications in the context of the Uruguay Round Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and explains how trade-related temporary movements of persons can be a partial substitute for longer-term migration, serving the interests of both developed and developing countries in a more efficient global economy.

This book examines the relationship between international trade and domestic economic growth in Britain since the eighteenth century. It was during this time that Britain enjoyed first a dominant role in world trade and then, from the outbreak of the First World War, saw its economic strength eclipsed by other emerging international powers. The essays here focus on two central concerns in the history of British economic development in the period: was overseas and colonial trade in the eighteenth century the principal motor of British industrial development? Has the structure of Britain's overseas trade in the twentieth century been one of the factors contributing to the "decline of the British industrial economy"?

In exploring these central ideas, the book examines the evolving structures of British commercial relations, the development and impact of commercial policies and Britain's changing international economic position. The volume contains both general essays which survey current debates and chapters dealing with more specific issues, including, for example, the role of the Atlantic trade in British economic growth in the eighteenth century; the impact of British trade on Continental Europe in the first half of the nineteeth century and the commercial factors which determined Britain's reaction to the founding of the European Community. The collection draws on distinguished scholars, whose work together offers an important contribution to our understanding of Britain's economic development during this pivotal period and to the wider debate on the relationship between trade and economic growth.