Examining how leading developing countries are increasingly shaping international economic negotiations, this book uses the case studies of India and South Africa to demonstrate the ability of states to exert diplomatic influence through different bargaining strategies and represent the interests of the developing world in global governance.

"I really admire the authors, who - in a time of political impasse - provide a strong and well argued analysis of the WTO Doha Round. It becomes crystal clear that there are solid economic benefits from concluding the Doha Round, but even clearer that there are strong political benefits in terms of openness, security and positive effects on multilateral negotiations. This is exactly what the world needs in a time of crisis!" Christian Friis Bach, Minister for Development Cooperation, Denmark; Affiliated Professor at the University of Copenhagen. "The World Bank, led by the troika of outstanding trade economists Aaditya Mattoo, Will Martin and Bernard Hoekman, has established itself as an important player in trade negotiations through excellent research. This splendid volume on the Doha Round shows why. Read it to see why failure to close the Round would be a tragedy." Jagdish Bhagwati, University Professor, Economics and Law, Columbia University; Senior Fellow in International Economics at the Council on Foreign Relations "This is an excellent book which reflects one of the most comprehensive analyses done on the draft agreements by an excellent team of renowned trade experts. The Doha Development Agenda is still as relevant as ever to achieve trade and development, and thus this body of work comes at a timely juncture as we search for a way forward in these very important negotiations. I recommend this book for all those who are serious about achieving the end game, especially the middle D in DDA - development." Mari Pangestu, Minister of Trade, Indonesia "This book reviews the Doha Round negotiations and offers lessons relevant to the current stalemate. No important topic is omitted, the information provided is extremely rich, the calculations are presented in a simple way, and the analysis is rigorous. The book is a must for a very wide audience - from negotiators and economists to anyone interested in the fate of the trade regime which is so critical for the economic recovery of rich countries and for the continued growth of developing countries." Patrick Messerlin, Professor of Economics at Sciences Po, Paris

This book tries to integrate the different arrangements devised in the MTS for small and large NMEs into one analytical framework and explores two sets of rules (GATT/WTO-minus and GATT/WTO-plus) along three historical stages (shaping, weakening and strengthening). The focal point of this book is to uncover the composition and structure of the NME treatment in the MTS, its evolving logic and process, and the nature and trend of the political-economic relations between NMEs and the MTS.

This book provides one of the first interdisciplinary reviews of the relationship between services, globalisation and trade liberalisation as we enter the twenty-first century. Written by academics and policymakers, it contains a detailed analysis of the characteristics of service trade and of recent and current service trade negotiations. The authors focus on exploring the complex relationship between the process of globalisation and the globalisation of services taking into consideration service trade negotiations. Many service functions reduce the relative distance between places and more importantly enable the process of globalisation. The globalisation of service functions is complex. Services are different from goods as they depend on human capital (embodied knowledge and reputations) and have to be localized to meet specific cultural and political requirements. The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) needs to be informed by an understanding of the differences that exist between goods and services as well as by the processes by which services globalise. The GATS has to be more than just about quantitative-based policies but also has to explore national regulations that inhibit trade in services. This book will be of special interest to economists, geographers and policymakers with a specific involvement in service trade and trade liberalization.

Increasingly, consumers in North America and Europe see their purchasing as a way to express to the commercial world their concerns about trade justice, the environment and similar issues. This ethical consumption has attracted growing attention in the press and among academics. Extending beyond the growing body of scholarly work on the topic in several ways, this volume focuses primarily on consumers rather than producers and commodity chains. It presents cases from a variety of European countries and is concerned with a wide range of objects and types of ethical consumption, not simply the usual tropical foodstuffs, trade justice and the system of fair trade. Contributors situate ethical consumption within different contexts, from common Western assumptions about economy and society, to the operation of ethical-consumption commerce, to the ways that people's ethical consumption can affect and be affected by their social situation. By locating consumers and their practices in the social and economic contexts in which they exist and that their ethical consumption affects, this volume presents a compelling interrogation of the rhetoric and assumptions of ethical consumption.

As the prime force behind trade throughout the Western Hemisphere, the United States is emerging with two trade projects--the newly-signed North American Free Trade Agreement and the projected New American Community. This volume provides a clear, concise guide to all aspects of the 5-volume NAFTA accord, its side agreements, and the unfolding New American Community. It covers specific issues, rationalizations, ideologies, controversies, and recommended actions. With special emphasis on the North American Free Trade Agreement, the volume will provide a major resource for both academics and decision makers in industry and government. Written by a leading authority on U.S. Latin American trade, the volume includes entries, arranged alphabetically, on NAFTA and other trade-related topics. The NAFTA entries are based on the five-volume treaty or official government and nongovernmental publications. Since the New American Community is still emerging, the non-NAFTA entries are interpolations from past trade accords and existing nationwide agreements or ideas based on global concepts and directives, especially the European Union.

Although the Pacific islands were front-page news during the 1941-1945 Pacific War, today they are seldom in the American consciousness--except as a perception of Micheneresque tropical paradises. But the islands--10,000 strong and scattered over nearly one-fifth of the earth's surface--still straddle or remain close to the sea and air lanes that link the United States with Australia and Asia, and carry nearly one-half of U.S. foreign trade. New political interests also exist with the recent emergence of a new panoply of independent Pacific island states, extension of U.S. sovereignty to other Pacific islands, and new defense responsibilities in several states linked to the United States by free association. John C. Dorrance offers an exceptionally authoritative and comprehensive assessment of U.S. interests in and policy toward a poorly understood region. The islands, highly aid dependent and uniquely vulnerable to external influences, have experienced insurrections, military coups, secessionist rebellion, political assassinations, Soviet in-roads, and even Libyan mischief-making. Ethnic conflict and developmental problems also threaten democratic institutions and the region's stability. Dorrance thoroughly explores the regional policy environment and the issues that face the United States. His book is of lasting value to scholars and especially to policy-makers and practitioners.

The second edition of Miroslav Jovanovic's The Economics of International Integration will be a useful addition to the bookshelf of anybody interested in teaching a course on economic integration. It is especially strong and up-to-date on developments in Europe, both with respect to completing the EU market and to the evolution of the eurozone. The various integration schemes are situated in the 21st century global economy with its rapidly changing technology. The analysis is always accessible to non-specialists and, while Jovanovi has his own views, he is careful in presenting various sides of debates.' - Richard Pomfret, University of Adelaide, Australia'A wide ranging, comprehensive but accessible and topical discussion of the many different dimensions of international economic interdependence and the instruments that governments around the world use to cooperate in the pursuit of greater integration of markets. Highly recommended for students seeking a non-technical treatment of the economics of international integration with extensive discussion of the European experience in moving towards economic and monetary union.' - Bernard Hoekman, European University Institute, Italy 'Europe, the Americas, Asia and the Pacific, Africa, and the Middle East, within a region as well as across countries, have been integrating not only by FTAs but also by the development of global supply chains. However, we don't know much about how the integration is really going and what consequences will be brought about by it. This book provides us with theoretical tools and empirical facts to understand it. Policy makers should read this book to implement good policy.' - Daisuke Hiratsuka, Institute of Developing Economies (IDE), JETRO, Japan In this comprehensive second edition of The Economics of International Integration, Miroslav N. Jovanovi examines the theory of international economic integration and explores the existing and emerging international integration agreements, their achievements, problems and prospects. One of the most important issues in international economics today concerns the dissipating multilateral trading system and the proliferation of a number of trading blocs and arrangements. This has been particularly the case after the establishment of the World Trade Organization in 1995 and especially during the Doha Round (2001-13). This book takes on those and other important new issues such as integration through spatially fragmented production, and the operation of supply chains. The author argues that international economic integration deals are here to stay, and evolve with variable successes in spite of advantages offered by the multilateral trading system. Jovanovi 's second edition includes up-to-date surveys of economic integration and their agreements, criticism of the eurozone and speculation on the future of integration. This thoroughly revised second edition provides a broad understanding of international economic integration and its complexities, and will be of great interest to students and scholars of international economics, development economics, policy and international business.

The study of regionalism is essential as it has become a vital trend with profound regional and global impacts. Japan, Korea and China are regarded as the key actors for such action in East Asia. While regionalization has created building blocks for economic integration, the act of exclusion from regionalism will only lead to marginalization. Therefore, it is important to learn how to make it work. This book analyzes the effect of China, Japan and Korea's trade strategy on ASEAN countries. As closer economic ties between countries in the area have expanded significantly in the last decade, economic regionalization in East Asia has proceeded in a much more dynamic fashion than regionalist projects. Hastiadi argues that regionalism in the form of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) is better than the present regionalization as it promotes sustainability in the future.

Human Capital, Trade and Public Policy in Rapidly Growing Economies argues that only two centuries ago, no society had ever enjoyed sustained growth in living standards. The contributors to this book aim to discover why the world today exhibits a predilection for perpetual self-improvement.In particular, the book focuses on the forces underlying long-lasting growth in East Asia's Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs). Drawing from the experiences of Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan, it questions whether public policy can contribute to removing barriers towards accumulation of wealth, and if so, what development policy should be put in place to remedy the existing distortions or market failure problems. Theoretical and empirical analyses are also used to broach other important issues, such as: Why do some economies experience growth while others decline? What are the major determinants of long-term growth and development? Is human capital the main driving force? Does international trade play a crucial role? This book will appeal to those with an interest in development and public policy.

The world of trade is changing rapidly, from the 'rise of the South' to the growth of unconventional projects like fair trade and carbon trading. Beyond Free Trade advances alternative ways for understanding these new dynamics, based on historical, political, or sociological methods that go beyond the limitations of conventional trade economics.

Opening a closed economy to trade can lead to greater trade and the emergence of a market economy. Sowing Market Reforms examines the assumptions of liberal economic theory and assesses the impact that increased trade has had on the Russian agrarian sector. Crumley argues that Russian agricultural producers are not simply homo economicus responding to price signals, but rather they are economic actors influenced by institutional, financial, and legal obstacles as well as political culture. By examining a sector of the economy that was exposed to increased imports more than four decades ago, Crumley illuminates the economic pressures, resistance, and reform that help to shape Russia's agrarian sector today.

This volume examines one of the major systemic changes in world economic history: the economic transformation in the Central European nations and the former Soviet states. Part I considers the dramatic adjustments in commodity structure and the geographic distribution of trade in these countries, while Part II surveys the sweeping transition of the Central and Eastern European countries' payments systems and the evolution of financial markets, exchange rates, and banking systems. Forms of integration with the global economy and proposed requirements for accession to the European Union are considered in Part III, and Part IV presents a model evaluating the record of structural adjustments in these transforming economies. The economic transformation in Central and Eastern Europe has been one of the major systemic changes in world economic history. This volume examines the dramatic changes in trade and payment systems in Central European nations and the former Soviet states during the first half of the 1990s. Part I considers the dramatic adjustments in commodity structure and the geographic distribution of trade in these countries, while Part II surveys the sweeping transition of the Central and Eastern European countries' payments systems and the evolution of financial markets, exchange rates, and banking systems. Forms of integration with the global economy and proposed requirements for accession to the European Union are considered in Part III, and Part IV presents a model evaluating the record of structural adjustments in these transforming economies. The main objective of this volume is to thoroughly cover the latest research advances in international trade and payments among these transforming economies. Written by noted authorities from prominent research centers, the chapters have a predominantly survey character and are supported by sound empirical evidence. Combining empirical research with policy evaluation and recommendations, this volume will serve as a resource for further studies on the economic transformation of the former Soviet bloc countries.

Economic globalisation and technological change are the two issues that concerned people in the past, concern them today and will concern them in the future - all over the world, poor or rich. Traditionally, questions about allocative effects are asked: What are the labour market implications? Who loses? Who wins? What is the net aggregate welfare effect after an adjustment period? However, two points are rarely taken into consideration: How do globalisation and technological change interact and what are the potential long-run implications for economic growth? This book addresses the interplay of these megatrends. It asks how economic globalisation may affect innovation and technology of individual firms and eventually the growth prospects of countries. Thereby it shows that protectionism not only harms static efficiency but might as well lead to dynamic losses. The book provides a systematic overview of the theoretical underpinnings of the openness-growth nexus and summarises the conceptual problems and important findings of the empirical analyses so far. The theoretical insights are supported by two empirical studies, the first dealing with the innovative behaviour and the "within-multinational" technology transfer of Spanish firms that were acquired by foreign companies and the second analysing productivity growth rate implications from exporting for German manufacturing firms.

American Supporters of free trade are on the defensive. Record U.S. trade deficits are fueling demands from industry, Congress, and the public for tariffs, import quotas, and other protectionist measures that could reverse America's long-standing commitment to open markets and sacrifice much of the economic progress experienced in recent years. In Saving Free Trade: A Pragmatic Approach, Robert Z. Lawrence and Robert E. Litan analyze both the allure of protectionism and the problems associated with free trade, proposing reasonable, cost-effective ways of helping industries, workers, and communities battered by intense import competition. The book focuses on the escape clause of the U.S. Trade Act of 1974, meant to provide domestic industries temporary shelter from severe import competition, and the trade adjustment assistance program, designed to provide direct aid to companies, workers, and communities injured by imports. The authors analyze the assumptions and implication of the many current congressional attempts to amend the provisions of the escape clause and the assistance program. They then set forth their own proposals, including new definitions of import injuries, modifications of provisions for providing relief for beleaguered companies, new standards for compensating and retaining displaced workers, and a plan for insuring communities against severe losses to their tax bases if local industries fail because they can no longer compete. Saving Free Trade provides a detailed but nontechnical introduction to the complex implications of amending trade policy and shrewd, innovative proposals for improving America's ability to adapt to rapid changes in world markets.

U.S. and German export control policies are compared, showing how these policies have responded to the changes in the international environment, including the end of the Cold War. The policy differences are explained through an analysis of differences in state interests and external constraints, state strategies, domestic support for export controls, and institutional constraints on policy change. The conclusion put forward is that despite a partial convergence of U.S. and German export control policies in the 1990s, diplomatic conflicts between the U.S. and European governments over export control issues will continue to erupt.

A concise, yet complete study of the theory of international trade and foreign lending. The author discusses two of the major models used to discuss trade: the Theory of Comparative Advantage, and the Heckscher-Ohlin model. Connolly presents empirical tests of both theories, and then moves on to discuss, gains from trade and protectionist vs. free trade arguments and applies the basic trade model to international lending.

While there are many aspects to the challenges faced by nations and their people, trade is often one of the key issues faced and exemplifies the difficulty of finding a way through complex policy options. International trade has evolved beyond basic questions of tariffs. International trade laws and regulations affect aspects of life from access to healthy food to the protection of the latest innovations in communications and nanotechnology. An important challenge for all nations in the short term is whether the international trading system is configured to ensure sustainable economic growth that is enjoyed by all people of the world. This challenge is complicated by non-trade aspects haunting many nations' effort to improve the future for their citizens. The timely work contains a variety of essays from individuals who presently or in the past have been trade negotiators, worked in the WTO or its predecessor, are serving in legislatures, represent important constituencies, teach aspects of the WTO system or advise clients in the private sector. The essays are grouped into three sections: looking at the ongoing Doha negotiations and/or describing changes to the WTO system or negotiation approach that are needed/viewed as desirable; examining the direction US trade policy should take moving forward; and critically examining the world food crisis and what role the trading system and individual WTO members can take in helping to resolve the crisis.

While most advanced industrial countries have adopted a liberal approach to the regulation of capital flow, the typical developing countries have been driven to control foreign exchange in order to prevent a flood of speculative capital inflow and retain domestic monetary resources for local development needs. This book examines the Taiwanese experience in balancing controls on foreign capital with domestic development needs in a manner that has stabilized the national economy and created a substantial trade surplus. Chich-Heng Kuo's position in the Taiwanese government enables him to provide an accurate analysis of the legal framework and policies that have contributed to his country's success.

Kuo begins with a review of international capital flow patterns and suggests standards for national performance and capital markets that will enable policymakers to evaluate the costs and benefits of foreign exchange controls. His appraisal of the role of capital regulation in Taiwanese economic development indicates that encouragement of foreign direct investment and strict controls on outward capital flow have been key factors in creating a strong economy. Kuo describes the gradual reversal of these policies starting in 1986, when Taiwan had begun to accumulate large foreign exchange reserves and needed to focus on foreign investment abroad to cool down inflationary pressures at home. The final chapter explores possible applications for economic development in other countries. Providing legal and policy analysis as well as information on the impact of specific types of regulations, this case study will be useful to policymakers, professionals, and scholars concerned with international trade, capital, and economic development.

Technology plays an increasing role in competitiveness in the global market. This authoritative new book consists of essays - theoretical as well as empirical - studying the relationships between technology, growth, international competitiveness and employment.The first part of the book shows that international competitiveness and market shares are mainly determined by R&D efforts and technological advantages. It goes on to provide some evidence for the importance of home market size for competitiveness and for the role of proximity and trade flows for stimulating dispersion of new knowledge. Issues discussed include the implications for growth of technical progress as a learning process and of the degree of openness of the economy. The book also addresses the role of multinationals as vehicles for technology diffusion and of monetary policy in a growth context, and the effects of technical progress on the demand for labour, skilled as well as unskilled. Technology and International Trade will be of interest to academics particularly those in the fields of international trade, economic growth, industrial organization and technology.

This innovative book assesses the impact of labour standards on the competitiveness of firms through a comparison of developing and industrialized countries.The lack of a strict code of labour standards in developing countries is thought to result in unfair competition, which industrialized countries have used to justify protectionist policies. Developing countries are seen to oppose the adoption of labour standards, believing that such measures are likely to jeopardize their competitiveness in world markets. This book analyses both of these positions within the context of the current political debate on the subject. The authors investigate the reasons for implementing labour standards, and measure their impact upon firm competitiveness using a variety of empirical tests and statistics from approximately 165 countries. They conclude that labour standards do not have a significant impact on the competitiveness of firms or economies as a whole. From their evidence the authors offer policy advice including the decentralization of decision making for implementing labour standards, and the adoption throughout the world of core labour standards. Labour Standards and International Competitiveness will be welcomed by academics interested in international economics, development economics and labour economics, as well as by policymakers and practitioners working in international organizations.

This unique reference provides the first book-length bibliography on NAFTA. The scope of the book encompasses NAFTA from the Bush administration through the Clinton administration, up to and including 1995. It provides sources from a wide range of disciplines-business, economics, law, science, and political science-and from such diverse perspectives as labor and environmentalism. The book covers (1) serials, including journals, magazines, and newspapers; (2) books, pamphlets, government documents, and dissertations; and (3) non-book sources, including online databases, audiovisual materials, and the Internet. This unique reference provides the first book-length annotated bibliography on NAFTA. The scope of the book encompasses NAFTA from the Bush administration through the Clinton administration, up to and including 1995. It includes events leading up to the NAFTA vote in Congress on November 17, 1993, the vote itself and analyses of it, the political aspects of NAFTA's passage, and the status of the agreement once in effect. The book covers (1) serials, including journals, magazines, and newspapers; (2) books, pamphlets, government documents, and dissertations; and (3) non-book sources, including online databases, audiovisual materials, and the Internet. As a distinct reference, the book will be useful to researchers and scholars and will assist both academic and public libraries in answering reference questions.

Reevaluating NAFTA seeks to answer the question: has NAFTA integrated North America? A fifteen-year NAFTA appraisal finds trade expansion boosting optimism, but also unveils stark asymmetry between developed and developing countries as well as top-heavy NAFTA regulations seriously constraining ground-level integration. Using empirical data analysis and a wide-reaching theoretical context, this book seeks to evaluate the results of NAFTA's 'fifteen-year itch' to identify what worked and what didn't, and ultimately, to point to the future of North American integration.

This collection of orchestrated analyses develops an "issues and process framework" for assessing the Enterprise for the Americas Initiative to develop freer trade within the Western Hemisphere. This volume comes at a time of transition in U.S. domestic politics and global trade negotiations. Anticipating the critical choices to be faced by the Clinton administration, as well as other public and private sector leaders here and abroad, the analyses in the volume, written by a team of leading international trade and economic development specialists, will provide the reader with insights into the complex political, economic, social, and, to some extent, technical character of efforts to expand regional and world trade.

A norm of special treatment for LDCs, created by the UN, has spread to various international organisations including the WTO. Within the WTO evidence of the institutionalization of the norm can be found both in the agreements and legal documents and the way in which the LDCs have been treated by other states. Helen Hawthorne investigates how norms impact on negotiations in international organisations. She shows that few studies of international organisations focus on the role of the weaker states in the organization, the majority focus either on the major states or the emerging economies. By ignoring the role of the poorer, weaker states in the GATT/WTO we are ignoring the history of these states in the organisation and do not get a true picture of the organization, how it operates in relation to them and their impact on the organisation.