China's economic development plans and programs for the next century are designed to place her among the world leaders as an economic powerhouse. In order to compete, businesses from around the world must understand the direction in which China is moving. In this way they can better work within Chinese policy to access the Chinese market and production potential. Business people need to develop a pragmatic approach to the Chinese political system, acknowledging that it is likely to remain in place, and leaving its evaluation to the political scientists.

Business leaders and policymakers on the state through multinational levels will benefit from this thorough review and analysis of the Chinese policy aimed at economic development. Scholars and students will find much interesting material concerning the world in which we will be doing business in the next century.

McGee takes the position that the only proper trade policy is one of total, immediate, and unilateral free trade, since such a policy is the only one that is consistent with individual rights. He also explodes the myth that trade deficits are bad and advocates the repeal of the antidumping laws, incorporating rights theory as well as utilitarian arguments.

This book is unique in that it (1) does not limit itself to utilitarian arguments, (2) explains why trade deficits are irrelevant, and (3) calls for immediate repeal of the antidumping laws. Part I discusses the philosophy of protectionism and reviews nearly two dozen arguments that projectionists have used to restrict trade. A whole chapter is devoted to exploding the myth that trade deficits are bad. Part II elaborates on the monetary and nonmonetary costs of protectionism. Part III addresses the philosophy and practice of antidumping policy in the United States, and shows why the policy is irrational, destructive and anti-consumer, and concludes that repeal rather than reform is called for. Part IV discusses other issues, such as the policy options for Europe, the effect of competition on prices and efficiency, the stages of economic development and their connection to trade policy, and the irrationality of the United States trade policy toward Eastern Europe.

The Asia-Pacific region has emerged as a dominant player in trade and will continue to be an influential pole of world trade and economics, with the center of gravity shifting to this region. This book presents analytical insights into the various regional and bilateral trade agreements (RTAs) and their beneficial effects on bilateral trade and development. It provides an incisive analysis and a roundup of all major RTAs and also presents an overview of all major agreements between the countries involved, which might propel their trade flows and influence future economic engagements.The book in a novel way also discusses possible obstacles that are encountered during the implementation of RTAs and circumvention routes, once those taken into account could ensure the successful execution of the agreements. The book dwells on the issue of regionalism and multilateralism with reference to General Agreements on Trade and Tariffs and World Trade Organisation, which have revolutionized the trade dynamics by opening up new areas of trade-rules and formulating specific policy guidelines for the member countries to adhere to during trade negotiations. The book also provides new insights into some of the issues of negotiations such as sensitive lists, trade and investment cooperation, including trade in services, rules of origin, non-tariff barriers, anti-dumping etc. The book also focuses on policy instruments that could convert trade gains to development gains. The existing economic cooperation arrangements in the region as well as those that are at various stages of study and negotiations, empirical insights and policy suggestions are elucidated in detail.

This book provides the first comprehensive academic study of what China's trade with, and investment in, African countries mean for the socio-economic well-being of the continent. Based on the African Tree of Organic Growth Framework developed in the book, Jonker and Robinson outline the factors necessary in realizing Africa's Renaissance vision and the impact that the Chinese might have on this process. Using the metaphor of the Baobab tree, the authors analyze the historical, cultural and economic contexts within African countries, the channels available to produce development and growth, and the fruits or social and economic well-being created by this integrated process. The book takes readers on a journey of numerous African examples and case studies, describing and analyzing the challenges and complexities of countries in their desire to achieve organic, cultural, scientific and economic renewal, and the improvement of the well-being of their citizens. This book will be of great value to economists, people who wish to do business in Africa, China-watchers, those who are following the development and growth of Africa, and more.

Developing countries comprise a two-thirds majority of the membership of the World Trade Organization, with nearly 30 of these classed by the UN as being among the 48 least-developed countries in the world. In order to ensure the equitable participation of these countries in the benefits of the global trading system, the GATT Uruguay Round Agreements that created the WTO accorded special and differential treatment to developing countries. This guide covers these provisions of the WTO Agreements, with detailed information on how developing countries can benefit from special rules governing such areas as; access to developed country markets in all major commodities and services, the dispute settlement process, trade policy review, foreign direct investment, environmental and labour standards, and technical assistance. The Guide also offers the reader case studies on how some developing country members of the WTO (Uganda, India, and Cote d'Ivoire) are making progress in working with the obligations and the benefits provided to them by the WTO Agreements.

Closing a critical gap in the literature examining the strained relationship between the U.S. and Japan, this book synthesizes the economic, political, historical, and cultural factors that have led these two nations, both practitioners of capitalism, along quite different paths in search of different goals. Taking an objective, multidisciplinary approach, the author argues that there is no single explanation for Japan's domestic economic or foreign trade successes. Rather, his analysis points to a systemic mismatch that has been misdiagnosed and treated with inadequate corrective measures. This systemic mismatch in the corporate strategy, economic policies, and attitudes of the U.S. and Japan created and is perpetuating three decades of bilateral economic frictions and disequilibria.

As long as both the U.S. and Japan deal more with symptoms than causes, bilateral problems will persist. This book's unique analysis will encourage a better understanding on both sides of the Pacific of what has happened, is happening, and will continue to happen if corporate executives and policymakers in the two countries do not better realize the extent of their differences and adopt better corrective measures.

The vast expansion of international trade has greatly increased the incidence of cross-border ownership of assets, both tangible and intangible. It is not uncommon, for instance, for a business to own both physical plant and intellectual property in two or more jurisdictions. Under these circumstances, it is vital for business persons and their counsel to have some knowledge of a variety of relevant domestic legal regimes, particularly in regard to available remedies. This text provides the essential details of such knowledge for 14 important commercial jurisdictions: Argentina, Belgium, Bermuda, Canada, Germany, India, Japan, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, England and Wales (United Kingdom), and the US. Each country survey is presented by an experienced business law practitioner in his or her particular jurisdiction. Each chapter's coverage includes discussion of remedies under such security interests as: real estate; fixtures; movables; patents; trademarks; and industrial models and designs. Each author also explains important procedural aspects of many typical phases of ownership, including registration, transfer, sale of an ongoing concern or stock in trade, taxation, trusteeship, and injunction orders. Remedies under private international law are also considered.

India is still perceived by some as a developing country that has yet to create world-class products of its own. However, this book shows that in recent years India has emerged as a lead market for frugality-driven innovations that are affordable, robust and successful even outside its geographic boundaries. Many global companies have recognized these changes and are ramping up their local R&D capabilities. At the same time, several Indian firms are venturing out to international shores and gaining access to new markets. Using a top-down approach, the book takes a closer look at systems of innovation at work and presents examples of successful, corporate innovations in multiple industries and their contextual conditions.

Economics and Politics of Trade Policy brings together a set of 16 papers that focus primarily on the political economy of international trade. What sets these papers apart is the recurrent theme of developing and extending political economic analysis beyond details commonly considered when the papers were written. The book takes a deeper look at institutional and behavioral details that researchers have formerly overlooked, delving into issues such as administered rather than legislated protection; incorporation of unemployment; and behavioral considerations such as fairness. Together with a few other papers that consider theoretic issues of trade, this book will provide a thought-provoking overview of the most important research on international trade, political economy and policy over the past decades.

This book provides readers with a unique opportunity to learn about one of the new regional trade agreements (RTAs), the China-Australia Free Trade Agreement (ChAFTA), that has been operational since December 2015 and is now at the forefront of the field. This new agreement reflects many of the modern and up-to-date approaches within the international economic legal order that must now exist within a very different environment than that of the late eighties and early nineties, when the World Trade Organization (WTO) was created. The book, therefore, explores many new features that were not present when the WTO or early RTAs were negotiated. It provides insights and lessons about new and important trade issues for the twenty-first century, such as the latest approaches to the regulation of investment, twenty-first century services and the emerging digital/knowledge economy. In addition, this book provides new understandings of the latest RTA approaches of China and Australia. The book's contributors, all foremost experts on their subject matter within this field, explore the inclusion of many traditional trade and investment agreement features in the ChAFTA, showing their continuing relevance in modern contexts.

This book offers a collection of studies on regional integration and the dynamic business environment in East Asia. The papers included, originally presented at the 2014 Asia Pacific Business Conference on "Free Trade Agreements and Regional Integration in East Asia," examine the challenges and dynamics in the increasingly integrated East Asian markets and outline a new paradigm for doing international business in the region. The papers address diverse areas related to regional integration, financial markets, investment, trade and capital flow, sustainability, accounting and auditing issues, exchange rates, strategies and the regional business environment. The book provides a valuable resource for practitioners, policy-makers and students who are interested in understanding the vibrant aspects of business in today's East Asia.

In recent years much has been made of the sucess of developing countries, particularly in East Asia, which have achieved economic growth by manufacturing goods which are then exported to developing economies.
"Manufacturing for Export in the Developing" "World" looks at a number of countries which have tried to affect a similar transition. It combines case studies of five countries with an introduction that considers the overall contact and conclusions. The book uncovers serious potential difficulties in maintaining the pace of manufacturing for export in the developing countries, and shows that there is no simple relationship between import liberalization and manufacturing for export.

The 2014 edition reviews recent trends in the world economy, examining the consistency and sustainability of the economic policies currently followed. It addresses the evolution and current conditions of the policy space needed for implementing growth-enhancing and inclusive development strategies. It discusses how countries can better manage capital flows in order to expand their policy space for pursuing development strategies. It looks at policy space as depending not only on the existing rules and commitments taken in international agreements, but also on the possibility of mobilizing resources for financing industrial policies, investment and growth. It argues that fiscal space is a key aspect of policy space, and that developing countries need to address loss of revenue stemming from illicit financial flows, tax havens and inadequate taxation of extractive industries.

The most severe frost of the twentieth century ravaged Brazilian coffee-growing areas in 1975--leading to a worldwide increase in coffee prices of more than 400 percent. This unique volume traces the political and economic effects of the frost from U.S. consumers to the world coffee market. By concentrating on a single commodity example, concepts of dependence and interdependence are exemplified and integrated--facilitating student understanding of the workings of international political economy.

The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) was created to extend the multilateral trading system to the service sector, in the same way the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade provides for merchandise trade. Little is said in the GATS about subsidies beyond stipulating that a subsidy to a service provider or industry must be in accordance with the most-favored nation and national-treatment principles. This timely book provides a comprehensive analysis of services subsidies under the GATS. It begins with a description of services and trade in services and of the salient characteristics that make regulation of services subsidies more complex than those associated with agricultural and industrial goods. It then analyzes the economic arguments underpinning the need for regulation, as well as the need for governments to retain sufficient latitude to implement non-trade related policy measures. A description of the data on services subsidies is followed by a classification of services subsidies according to their distortive effects and by a detailed analysis of those elements that may form a definition of services subsidies for the purpose of a future regulatory framework. A key section is devoted to the analysis of those existing provisions of the GATS that may exert a certain measure of discipline on services subsidies and to the question of the desirability and technical feasibility of countervailing measures. Rules on services subsidies contained in regional trade agreements are also discussed. Finally, and prior to the conclusion, two sectoral studies deal with the question of subsidies aimed at attracting foreign direct investment and subsidies to the audiovisual sector. This work represents the first extensive and comprehensive analysis of the issue of services subsidies in the context of the GATS and includes numerous references to relevant European Union State Aid legislation and jurisprudence.

A Basic Guide to International Business Law is an introduction to those parts of European and international law that are relevant to business. Having read this book, students will come away with a broad understanding of the international rules of law within the EEC, institutional rules of the European Union, international contract law, rules of competition and the four freedoms within the EEC. The edition includes student friendly features, such as summaries of statements and references to relevant case law, making the book an ideal introduction for those on law and/or business programmes.

This book analyzes the evolution of foreign trade cooperation between Russia and China in the context of the rapidly growing global economy, especially in the Asian-Pacific region. The approach presented in the book is characterized by a comprehensive view on macroeconomic dynamics and the process of evolving means of production. The authors describe characteristics of national innovational economies with examples from countries in the Asian-Pacific region.

The rapid development of Asian countries has met with mixed reactions among economists. Most economists understand that a genuine development is underway; but, since the process has been a complex one, each has been able to apply favorite explanations to the situation. In Eastern Asia, regional interdependence has been important to developing countries. This work discusses the interaction between the regional economies through trade and foreign direct investment, relating interaction to economic growth and development.

Recent transatlantic relations have been plagued by a seemingly endless series of disputes over trade and other economic and political interests. Some of these disputes have been amongst the most prominent of the WTO era: the Bananas Case, the Beef Hormones Case and the furore over the Helms-Burton Act. This book analyses the sources of transatlantic disputes, and the means employed to prevent and settle such disputes both bilaterally and through the multilateral dispute settlement mechanism of the of the WTO, and identifies promising areas for reform.

Multinationals are increasingly taking internationalised approaches to the ways in which they generate new knowledge and develop innovative new products from it in the pursuit of global competitiveness. These new perspectives in MNEs' technological behaviour open up important additional possibilities for those countries that play host to operations of these companies. This book analyses in detail the new dimensions in MNEs' approach to global competitiveness and the role played in this by overseas R & D units, and discusses the implications of this for host countries' growth and welfare.

This book covers diverse areas in which nanoscience and nanotechnology have led to significant technological advances and practical applications, with special emphasis on novel types of nanomaterials and their applicability into a new generation of nano- and micro-devices. Different nanomaterials are reviewed with a focus on several practical application areas and their commercial utilization. Production technologies of nanomaterials are presented as one of the challenges today. Sectors where nanotechnology has already significantly contributed are presented, along with specific nanotechnology solutions: energy related sectors, NEMS/MEMS, micro power generators, spintronics and healthcare. The basic properties and applications of nanostructured thermoelectric materials, ferroelectric and piezoelectric nanomaterials are reviewed. Examples of several developed thin-film thermogenerators are shown. A review of existing solutions and developing challenges are given regarding sustainable energy production, photovoltaics, solar cells, hydrogen economy and improved classes of batteries as contributions to green products and circular economy. Novel, highly promising areas in nanotechnology, are shown, such as voltage-driven nano-spintronics. Recent advances in friction characterisation at the nano level are described. Several proven nanomaterials have been reviewed pertaining to biomedicine. The use of nanomaterials in ophthalmology and cosmetic industry are reviewed, and the potential for silver nanoparticles and iron-based nanomaterials in biomedicine, also with recognised challenges and possible threats of non-controlled use of nanomaterials. This work is the result of joint efforts of different companies, academic, and research institutions participating in WIMB Tempus project, 543898-TEMPUS-1-2013-1-ES-TEMPUS-JPHES, "Development of Sustainable Interrelations between Education, Research and Innovation at WBC Universities in Nanotechnologies and Advanced Materials where Innovation Means Business", co-funded by the Tempus Programme of the European Union.

This book explores the role of cities in the trade liberalization process in the global economy and their efforts to enhance the competitiveness of cities. Cities have become the primary actors in the trade liberalization process, both in North America and Europe. It is their efforts to design strategic responses, to create city networks, to influence priorities for public expenditures, and to enhance their own competitiveness that are vital to the realization of the potential for increased efficiency and higher incomes which free-trade promises.

This work examines the impact of trade liberalization on the urban economy through case studies of urban areas along the U.S.-Canadian border, in the European Community, and in Scandinavia. The findings will be of interest to scholars in development economics and international trade and to practitioners and policy-makers involved in urban economic development.

International trade is now almost universally regarded as an important stimulus to growth and economic development, but while many aspects of international trade are regulated by international agreement, most nations retain some important specific trade policies for manufactured goods. In this work, the second volume of Greenwood's Handbook of Comparative Economic Policies, Dominick Salvatore presents an overview of national trade policies in the world's most important countries. As the only detailed comparative study of international trade policies, this volume will be an increasingly useful reference tool as international trade becomes more and more important in the years to come. The work brings together contributions on twenty-two different countries plus four chapters on overall trade policies and helps to shed light not only on each nation's specific trade policies but also on the effect of various policies on the growth of developed countries, the rate of economic development, and the progress of restructuring in the former centrally planned economies. The book is divided into six basic sections: the first provides an introduction to international trade policies and tariff and trade agreements, while the remaining five sections detail leading industrial countries, other industrial countries, Latin American nations, the countries of Asia and Africa, and the USSR, Poland, and China. Each chapter within these sections offers an easily accessible overview of trade policies as well as a list of references that identify the most important sources of additional information. This handbook will be an effective resource and reference tool for students of comparative economics and for economists and international policymakers.

The past several years have brought economic, commercial, and investment revolution to China where a consumer society is beginning to emerge. By putting China's trade and economic relations into global and regional perspectives, US-China Trade examines how this phenomenon will affect trade with the United States. The contributors come from a wide range of scholarly and business fields, giving the book a unique combination of breadth and specificity. Among the issues covered are China's changing economic role; the legal environment surrounding investment; the problems and resource opportunities associated with doing business with China; and negotiation strategies. The volume also focuses on the practical business techniques, strategies, and practices peculiar to China, making it informative reading to scholars and students of China's trade relations and economic policies.

Asia and Oceania are close geographically, have complementary trade and investment opportunities, and have developed strong business relationships during recent decades. The rapid growth of Asia has provided huge two-way opportunities in trade and investment for businesses in these areas. In the coming decades, continued strong growth in East Asia is likely to be accompanied by even stronger growth in South Asia. Businesses in Oceania are generally better placed than those of Western Europe and North America to take early advantage of the burgeoning opportunities in Asia. Emerging Business and Trade Opportunities Between Oceania and Asia is a comprehensive reference that comprises research on the latest business ventures and developments that are being forged between countries that include Australia, China, and India. This book provides insight into general knowledge about the trade and investment policies and patterns of the two areas and specific knowledge about more targeted trade and investment opportunities. Covering a plethora of topics such as economic development, knowledge management, and start-ups across a wide range of industries that include tourism and hospitality, elderly care services, and information technology sectors, it is ideal for existing and new business entrepreneurs in Oceania and Asia; economic and political commentators; and researchers, academics, and students working in the fields of economics and business-oriented disciplines. Additionally, business professionals and financial investors can use the book to gain a deeper understanding of investment opportunities in areas such as health and tourism, and business consultants can utilize it to develop road maps for their clients of future business opportunities in what will continue to be the largest and most rapidly growing part of the world economy.