Worldwide supplies of sugar and cotton were impacted dramatically as the U.S. Civil War dragged on. New areas of production entered these lucrative markets, particularly in the South Pacific, and plantation agriculture grew substantially in disparate areas such as Australia, Fiji, and Hawaii. The increase in production required an increase in labor; in the rush to fill the vacuum, freebooters and other unsavory characters began a slave trade in Melanesians and Polynesians that continued into the twentieth century. ""The White Pacific"" ranges over the broad expanse of Oceania to reconstruct the history of ""blackbirding"" (slave trading) in the region. It examines the role of U.S. citizens (many of them ex-slaveholders and ex-confederates) in the trade and its roots in Civil War dislocations. What unfolds is a dramatic tale of unfree labor, conflicts between formal and informal empire, white supremacy, threats to sovereignty in Hawaii, the origins of a White Australian policy, and the rise of Japan as a Pacific power and putative protector. It also pieces together a wonderfully suggestive history of the African American presence in the Pacific. Based on deft archival research in Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, Hawaii, the United States, and Great Britain, ""The White Pacific"" uncovers a heretofore hidden story of race, labor, war, and intrigue that contributes significantly to the emerging intersectional histories of race and ethnicity.

Providing insights on the products of a unique period for academic research in international economics, this review is an important piece of literature for a vital area of study. Highlighting main issues such as welfare gains and losses, trade patterns and international transaction interventions, the author provides a timely and comprehensive research review on the heavily debated topic of international trade and investment.

Due to the Covid-19 global pandemic, Australia and South Asian Countries have experienced significant disruption in international trade, investment, travel for business and higher education, tourism, and supply chains. It is important to reflect and address some of the key issues and challenges faced by Australia in this sector and analyze potential recovery strategies for the future. Inevitably, in the coming decade, Australia will need to pursue its interests in a more competitive and contested world. This pandemic has witnessed an intensified trade war of Australia with its strongest bilateral trade partner China, threatening an increasing number of industries in Australia such as agribusiness, forestry, and mining. A nearsighted solution to this problem does not seem feasible, given the recent diplomatic fallout between the two nations. Australia thereby needs an alternative strategic bilateral coalition to combat this situation and progress towards a sustainable economic goal. Based on the above scenario, the core objective of this book is to suggest and explore that South-Asian nations could be the prominent focal point for Australia to move forward, as it is a large market with population nearing two billion. This book will provide an overview of the Australian trade and investment relationship with South Asian Countries, identify trends and developments of the bilateral trade relationship of Australia with South Asian countries (in strategic areas of trade, travel, investment, and education), and will shed light on the future opportunities for development and partnerships for economic growth, trade in goods and services and tourism between Australia and South Asia. It will also display how Australia can play a leading role amongst the SAARC countries (Afghanistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka) to cooperate for their individual national economic development and growth objectives and be best prepared to meet the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for the future.

International trade in the 21st century is characterized by the emergence and development of Global Value Chains. With the reform and opening-up deepening, China has become an important participant and practitioner of global value chains, a staunch supporter and defender of the multilateral trading system, and a contributor to and beneficiary of economic globalization. This book provides an insightful analysis of the pathways for China to upgrade in global value chains based on the country's opening strategy from the perspectives of tariff, trade facilitation, foreign direct investment, outward direct investment, opening-up of the service industry, and servitization in the manufacturing industry. It also offers best practices for theoretical and empirical studies in global value chains with sophisticated and widely-used econometric methods.

International trade has grown rapidly over the past half century, accommodated by the transportation industry through concomitant growth and technological change. But while the connection between transport and trade flows is clear, the academic literature often looks at these two issues separately. This Handbook is unique in pulling together the key insights of each field while highlighting what we know about their intersection and ideas for future research in this relatively unexamined but growing area of study. After presenting the latest data and modeling techniques used to explain global trade patterns, the chapters address directly the core theme of the Handbook: the intersection of international trade and transportation costs. Other key topics examined include trade facilitation, trade networks, and the role of transport costs in offshoring, foreign investment location, and the role of intermediary firms. The Handbook is an excellent primer on the essential concepts and references in international trade and transport for scholars who may have their primary expertise in one of these areas, but are not as familiar with the other. It will also be an invaluable resource for advanced undergraduate students, graduate students, and other researchers who are relatively new to either field. Contributors include: L. Alfaro, S.L. Baier, K. Behrens, B.A. Blonigen, B.S. Blum, W.M. Brown, J. Carballo, Y.-T. Chang, M.X. Chen, S. Claro, J.J. Corbett, J. Damnjanovic, P. de Langen, F.J. Diez, P.H. Egger, L. Fan, H. Goerg, A. Hanley, J.D. Ho, I.J. Horstmann, M.N. Jovanovic, A. Kerr, X. Li, F. Lin, H. Meersman, D. Miljkovic, M. Moore, J. Mora, J. Njegi , T. Notteboom, P. O'Neill, K.H. Park, S. Russell Riggs, P. Saragiotis, G. Schaur, A.C. Spearot, C. Sys, W.K. Talley, E. Van de Voorde, T. Vanelslander, C. Volpe Martincus, W.W. Wilson, J.J. Winebrake, Y. Wolfmayr, Y.V. Yotov, A. Zhang, S. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Z. Zhang

As the ice around the Arctic landmass recedes, the territory is becoming a flashpoint in world affairs. New trade routes, cutting thousands of miles off journeys, are available, and the Arctic is thought to be home to enormous gas and oil reserves. The territorial lines are new and hazy. This book looks at how Russia deals with the outside world vis a vis the Arctic. Given Russia's recent bold foreign policy interventions, these are crucial issues and the realpolitik practiced by the Russian state is essential for understanding the Arctic's future.Here, Geir Honneland brings together decades of cutting-edge research - investigating the political contexts and international tensions surrounding Russia's actions. Honneland looks specifically at 'region-building' and environmental politics of fishing and climate change, on nuclear safety and nature preservation, and also analyses the diplomatic relations surrounding clashes with Norway and Canada, as well as at the governance of the Barents Sea. The Politics of the Arctic is a crucial addition to our understanding of contemporary International Relations concerning the Polar North.

'A fascinating analysis of the proposition that the start of the 21st century is witnessing the rapid rise in South East Asia of a new and powerful transnational economic zone, the Asian Mediterranean. It uses a wide range of historical and contemporary multidisciplinary sources to systematically explore how, why, and in what ways we can better interpret and understand this contemporary version of economic globalisation by looking back to the equivalent processes centred on the ports around the Mediterranean and the Baltic seas during late 16th century.' - Peter Daniels, University of Birmingham, UK 'Francois Gipouloux has written a vast and comprehensive history of the Asian economic system. In the tradition of Braudel, he paints a picture that is detailed, full of insight, and essentially very long term. On the basis of an analysis of the old Mediterranean and Hanseatic economic networks, he surveys the pre-modern Asian system, bringing it up to date with studies of Yokohama, Hong Kong, Singapore and other Asian hubs. The culmination of many years work, Gipouloux throws light on a new China -- a China no longer land based and inward looking but dependent on, and a power in, a maritime world.' - Christopher Howe, University of London, UK 'Gipouloux's ground breaking study based on a long career as a scholar of Asia's past is a most original contribution to the study of globalization. Connecting past and present, the author has further developed the somewhat vague metaphor of an Asian Mediterranean into a well defined concept that can also be applied for analyzing contemporary affairs. While in the past the traditional Chinese and Japanese state systems were failing to formulate adequate answers, on a more informal level, the port cities were able to meet with the maritime challenges of the emerging modern world system. The author convincingly shows how also in the age of globalization, a string of coastal metropolises continues to be instrumental in opening up the Far Eastern economy to the global economy.' - Leonard Blusse, Leiden University, The Netherlands This insightful book draws upon a wide range of disciplines - political economy, geography and international relations - to examine how Asia has returned to its central position in the world economy. As in the case of the hosting of the Olympic games, it is cities rather than states which compete, whether as financial centers, logistical hubs or platforms for coordinating international subcontracting. Analyzing the historical precedents of the Mediterranean maritime republics, the Baltic Sea Hanseatic League and the South China Sea mercantile kingdoms, the book delineates the way stable economic and legal institutions were developed largely beyond the purview of, and at times in conflict with, the State. Discussing the strong link between history and contemporary economic situation, The Asian Mediterranean will appeal to academics, including post-graduates students, of economics, geography, history, regional studies and Asian studies.

This unique Handbook provides multiple perspectives on the growth of illicit trade, primarily exploring counterfeits and internet piracy. The expert contributions, drawn from the private sector, the legal community, and leading enforcement and anti-counterfeiting agencies, cover a wide range of topics including the evaluation of key global enforcement issues, government and private-sector initiatives to stifle illicit trade, and the evolution of piracy on the internet. The authors also assess the efficacy of anti-counterfeiting strategies such as targeted consumer campaigns, working with intermediaries in the supply chain, authentication technology, and online brand protection. Offering a succinct and up-to-date overview of country initiatives to stem illicit trade in China, Mexico, and the US, the book addresses key global enforcement issues. It illustrates the unique problems facing key industry sectors and expands on a comprehensive and timely debate on the growing problem of illicit trade on the internet, highlighting distinct aspects of piracy in the music industry. The persistent problem of botnets, malware, and `malvertising' is discussed, along with an overview of the various issues associated with online brand protection. Furthermore, a variety of anti-counterfeiting measures are presented that target both the demand and supply of illicit trade, complemented by an examination of their relative effectiveness. This accessible, provocative, and timely synopsis of counterfeiting and illicit trade will be of great value to academics and researchers of law, criminology, and trade. It will also be an excellent resource for government agencies, policymakers, and private-sector managers in those industries most affected by this growing and pervasive problem. Contributors include: S. Betti, L. Cesareo, P.E. Chaudhry, A. Chikada, D. Collopy, R.S. Delston, B. Dobson, G.M. Dominguez Rodriguez, D. Follador, A. Gupta, R. Kinghorn, I. Lancaster, A. Pastore, E. Penz, M. Sonmez B. Stoettinger, H. Sudler, B.A. Sullivan, M. Tanji, S.C. Walls, P. Williams, J.M. Wilson, D. Yang, A.S. Zimmerman

Lecture Notes in International Trade Theory covers classical international trade models (including the Ricardian, Ricardo Viner, and Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson models). The course is designed for M.Sc. and first year PhD students. It relies on both graphical and analytic methods, requiring only intermediate microeconomics and a solid grounding in calculus. The material emphasizes 'second-best' settings, where markets are imperfect. The goal is to equip students with a good enough understanding of open-economy general equilibrium relations that they understand how distortions ripple across different markets, e.g. commodity and factor markets. The Author applies these ideas to environmental and natural resource problems, including pollution 'leakage' (where pollution reductions in one country are offset by trading partners' increased pollution) and imperfect property rights. Other applications include the general equilibrium effects of commodity and trade taxes, international transfers (the 'transfer problem'), minimum wage constraints, and immiserizing growth. The Author assumes that students have some experience in formulating and answering comparative statics questions in an optimization setting. Building on these skills, and developing the idea of stability in an equilibrium setting (the Marshall Lerner condition), students learn how to formulate and answer comparative static questions in trade models.

The 1970s were a decade of historic American energy crises - major interruptions in oil supplies from the Middle East, the country's most dangerous nuclear accident, and chronic shortages of natural gas. In Energy Crises, Jay Hakes brings his expertise in energy and presidential history to bear on the questions of why these crises occurred, how different choices might have prevented or ameliorated them, and what they have meant for the half-century since - and likely the half-century ahead. Hakes deftly intertwines the domestic and international aspects of the long-misunderstood fuel shortages that still affect our lives today. This approach, drawing on previously unavailable and inaccessible records, affords an insider's view of decision-making by three U.S. presidents, the influence of their sometimes-combative aides, and their often tortuous relations with the rulers of Iran and Saudi Arabia. Hakes skillfully dissects inept federal attempts to regulate oil prices and allocation, but also identifies the decade's more positive legacies - from the nation's first massive commitment to the development of alternative energy sources other than nuclear power, to the initial movement toward a less polluting, more efficient energy economy. The 1970s brought about a tectonic shift in the world of energy. Tracing these consequences to their origins in policy and practice, Hakes makes their lessons available at a critical moment - as the nation faces the challenge of climate change resulting from the burning of fossil fuels.

This original and authoritative book analyzes how the WTO?s restrictions on the use of trade measures for social goals affects the development of the law of the international community.The author examines international law on the use of trade measures to promote non-trade values including human health, environmental protection, and cultural diversity in order to determine whether the WTO decisions in these areas promote the development of the international legal system in a way that benefits the individual. Including an analysis of the most important ?trade-&? cases handed down by the WTO?s Appellate Body, the book stimulates creative consideration of the extent to which the international trading system?s prohibition on the use of trade measures may stifle progress on legal norms that would foster an international community. Krista Nadakavukaren Schefer suggests using the law of equity to fully take into account both the trade and the social issues at stake in any particular case.With its thorough analysis of WTO trade and decisions, this path-breaking book will be a stimulating read for scholars and students of international law, international economic law and international relations.

Transnational corporations (TNCs) have moved to the forefront of regulatory governance both within states and in the international arena. The Research Handbook on Transnational Corporations provides expert background commentary and up-to-date insights into regulatory frameworks impacting on TNCs at global, industry and national levels. Written by global experts in their field, this unique collection of essays provides in-depth understanding of how the forces of globalisation affect the world's largest corporations, and how those corporations, in turn, shape globalisation. Comprehensive yet highly accessible, this is the first major work on the reciprocal impact of TNCs on regulatory processes. The Research Handbook provides guidance on how best to understand the rapidly evolving relationship between TNCs and the processes of treaty making, the formation of global industry standards and the processes of national law making and policy formation (with a focus on resource taxation). Global, industry and national-level case studies are used to explain the basic principles used to support state, private, and international regulatory programs. Delivering both theoretical and practical insights into the regulation of TNCs, this timely and authoritative Research Handbook will be of particular interest to policy makers, industry practitioners and lawyers. Students and academics will also find it to be an invaluable resource. Contributors include: R. Anderson, M. Bowman, L. Cata Backer, A. Chou, A. De Jonge, G. Gilligan, D. Gleeson, M.A. Gonzalez-Perez, V. Harper Ho, J.A. Kirshner, D. Kraal, L. Leonard, R. Lopert, M.E. Monasterio, P. Neuwelt, J. O'Brien, A. Ruhmkorf, R. Tomasic, M. Woersdoerfer

Though globalization has removed commercial walls between countries and implemented new international trade policies, trade barriers still exist. Due to the various political barriers surrounding other countries, the future of world trade has become uncertain. Understanding these barriers and their implications is imperative to implementing successful foreign trade policies. International Trade Policies in the Era of Globalization provides relevant theoretical frameworks and the latest empirical research findings on international trade and improves the understanding of the strategic role of trade policies and their importance in the global economy. The content within this publication contains reports on global trade, trade wars, and foreign policy. This research is designed for policymakers, government officials, economists, business professionals, researchers, and international business students.

This book tackles the disconnect between social perceptions and expert knowledge regarding trade policy decisions. Using a Polish language internet database, the authors shed light on areas that need to be addressed when considering the adoption of particular trade policies by applying content and statistical analysis to produce an easy to deploy measure of populism in digital media, the "Media Populism Ratio". Defining a mismatch between social perception and expert knowledge may contribute to a better understanding of the controversies on free trade, as well as properly defining possible sources of populism and social conflicts - therefore also revealing some potential weaknesses in the trade policy implementation level which are at times neglected or underestimated. The book will be relevant to students and researchers interested in economic policy, economic narratives and cultural economics.

The second edition of Miroslav Jovanovic's The Economics of International Integration will be a useful addition to the bookshelf of anybody interested in teaching a course on economic integration. It is especially strong and up-to-date on developments in Europe, both with respect to completing the EU market and to the evolution of the eurozone. The various integration schemes are situated in the 21st century global economy with its rapidly changing technology. The analysis is always accessible to non-specialists and, while Jovanovi has his own views, he is careful in presenting various sides of debates.' - Richard Pomfret, University of Adelaide, Australia'A wide ranging, comprehensive but accessible and topical discussion of the many different dimensions of international economic interdependence and the instruments that governments around the world use to cooperate in the pursuit of greater integration of markets. Highly recommended for students seeking a non-technical treatment of the economics of international integration with extensive discussion of the European experience in moving towards economic and monetary union.' - Bernard Hoekman, European University Institute, Italy 'Europe, the Americas, Asia and the Pacific, Africa, and the Middle East, within a region as well as across countries, have been integrating not only by FTAs but also by the development of global supply chains. However, we don't know much about how the integration is really going and what consequences will be brought about by it. This book provides us with theoretical tools and empirical facts to understand it. Policy makers should read this book to implement good policy.' - Daisuke Hiratsuka, Institute of Developing Economies (IDE), JETRO, Japan In this comprehensive second edition of The Economics of International Integration, Miroslav N. Jovanovi examines the theory of international economic integration and explores the existing and emerging international integration agreements, their achievements, problems and prospects. One of the most important issues in international economics today concerns the dissipating multilateral trading system and the proliferation of a number of trading blocs and arrangements. This has been particularly the case after the establishment of the World Trade Organization in 1995 and especially during the Doha Round (2001-13). This book takes on those and other important new issues such as integration through spatially fragmented production, and the operation of supply chains. The author argues that international economic integration deals are here to stay, and evolve with variable successes in spite of advantages offered by the multilateral trading system. Jovanovi 's second edition includes up-to-date surveys of economic integration and their agreements, criticism of the eurozone and speculation on the future of integration. This thoroughly revised second edition provides a broad understanding of international economic integration and its complexities, and will be of great interest to students and scholars of international economics, development economics, policy and international business.

The period between the close of the Kennedy Round and the opening of the Uruguay Round replaced a decade of fast growth in world output and trade - and of prevailing harmony in trade relations across the Atlantic - with twenty years of currency and trade turmoil and strains between the US and the EC. Giuseppe La Barca provides a comprehensive account of these trade developments and the measures adopted by the US and the EC to cope with them; in doing so, he draws a wider picture of international trade policy-making during the period. The aftermath of the Kennedy Round witnessed the undoing of the Bretton Woods regime, but the consequent overheating of the world economy resulted in an acceleration of international trade while settlement in the currency area contributed to the launching of the Tokyo Round negotiations. The first oil shock heralded an unprecedented slump along with a jump in unemployment and inflation rates. The Tokyo Round resulted only in a first step in eliminating non-tariff barriers, leaving contentious issues between the two transatlantic trading partners unsettled. The second oil shock led to growing calls for protectionism and unilateralism particularly in the US, and the Reagan administration pressed for the launch of the Uruguay Round only partially supported by the EC. Providing an in-depth analysis of trade developments involving the two most important economic actors, and placing these developments in a multilateral, international context, this book offers new insights to scholars of economic history and international political economy.

The first East Asia Summit in 2005 prompted discussions of enlargement of ASEAN free trade agreements to include all major trading blocs and their regional and global implications. In this timely and original study, Tran Van Hoa and Charles Harvie explore the likely effects of new regional development. With more than half of the world's consumption and production market, well-defined trade agreements in Asia remain crucial to the economic growth and stability of the area. This book contains scholarly and well-researched contributions from internationally renowned experts from ASEAN, East and South Asia and Oceania who discuss this major new development and its impact on trade, investment, services, development, industry, poverty and economic relations. An important collection of new research, this volume will be used by economists, trade experts, academics, students, government advisers, policymakers and all those interested in these significant contemporary developments and their far-ranging implications in an enlarged Asia.

This volume is the first to provide a comprehensive analysis of the nine environmental and health disputes that have been adjudicated at the WTO since 1995. The investigation concludes that criticism of the WTO has been overstated and, surprisingly, nations do in fact retain sovereignty over environmental and health policy. The disputes explored suggest that the WTO has been able to balance trade, environmental and health objectives. The discussion illuminates the strengths and weaknesses of the dispute resolution process and closes with suggestions for improving it. The Impact of the WTO will appeal not only to academics, be they economists, lawyers, political scientists, and academic libraries, but also practitioners, policymakers, and members of consumer, environmental, and business organizations who follow the debates surrounding the WTO's influence on environmental and health regulations.