Shipping and port systems are vital to societies and lifestyles around the world. In the late twentieth century, however, assumptions concerning the robustness of these systems were severely shaken by economic shocks triggered by oil crises. This volume explores how many of the consequent uncertainties have been resolved, and how adapted systems have been shaped to meet the challenges of the new millennium. To explore these issues, contributors focus on issues such as: * economic integration of emerging economies - in particular China * sectors as diverse as the high-speed ferry and offshore oil industries * pollution problems generated by shipping Contributors' investigations, such as those into the homogenisation of the container industry and the port cluster concept and 'model' vessels for the offshore oil industry, make for a rewarding book that will be of interest to academics working in many fields including transport studies, marine and coastal studies and economic geography. Professional organizations and policy-makers will also appreciate the book.

In The Cultural and Political Intersection of Fair Trade and Justice, Stenn uses Amartya Sen's theory of justice and Geert Hofstede's theory of cultural dimensions to answer the question: 'Is Fair Trade fair?' This exciting new volume focuses on a study of the effects of Fair Trade on indigenous women. Their stories are reported by the women themselves, which Stenn uses to develop a deeper understanding of Fair Trade, globalization, culture, and policy in building justice. This comparative study of Fair Trade and its effect on Bolivia's Andean women, working independently in handicrafts and collaboratively in agriculture, analyzes how Fair Trade has grown to become a multi-billion dollar, global industry. Stenn's 15 years of working with indigenous Andean women makes this in invaluable source for the study of Fair Trade and for Bolivia's population.

Having explored multifaceted issues of IPR enforcement, this book argues that IPR enforcement problem is not an actual outcome of Confucian philosophy and "to steal a book" is not an "elegant offence." This book demonstrates that counterfeiting and piracy are common inevitable consequences of inadequate economic development and a by-product of a unique set of socioeconomic crises deriving from the development of a dysfunctional institutional regime. By examining areas of compatibilities between European and Chinese cultures and analysing painful lessons from the US-China negotiations over IPR protection, this book uses the prism of EU-China trade relations to suggest ways to reconcile the minimum standards of TRIPs Agreement and the specific conditions of particular states, and provide insight into the unresolved issues as to how and when China s WTO commitments will be implemented. "

This book examines the historical and contextual background to the oil and gas resources in the Kurdish territories, placing particular emphasis on the reserves situated in the disputed provinces. The volume is singularly unique in focusing on an examination of the rules reflected in both the national and the regional constitutional, legislative, and contractual measures and documents relevant to the question of whether the central government in Baghdad or the Kurdish Regional Government (KRG) in Erbil has a stronger claim to legal control over the oil and gas resources in the disputed Kurdish territories. As a subsidiary focus, the author also draws attention to how the basic thrust of the volume connects to broader jurisprudential issues regarding the nature and purpose of law, the matter of claims by native peoples to natural resources on traditional lands, and the place of regional minorities operating in a federal system. Since the law examined is domestic or municipal in origin, additional reference is made to the role that such law can play in the "bottom up" (as opposed to more conventional "top down") development of international law. The book's opening chapters provide a valuable contextual introduction, followed by a number of substantive chapters providing an analytical and critical assessment of the controlling legal rules. Written in a scholarly, yet accessible style, and covering matters of basic importance to academics, lawyers, political scientists, government representatives, and students of energy and natural resources, as well as those of developing legal structures, Oil and Gas in the Disputed Kurdish Territories is an essential addition to any collection.

First published in 1952, this work is a systematic exposition of Professor Meade's geometric method, bringing together into a single coherent account the modern geometrical analysis of the theory of international trade. The work makes a number of original contributions, notably in the geometrical treatment of domestic production, of the balance of payments, and of import and export duties.

The Arab Spring and recent popular uprisings that have taken place in many Arab countries since the end of 2010 highlight the urgent need for economic policy reorientation in these countries. This book addresses key issues relevant to the contemporary economic realities of the Arab economies; including policy space, generation of more productive and decent employment, social justice and poverty alleviation, regional integration and the common destiny of the Arab people, and the failure of the structural adjustment programs recommended by the Bretton Woods institutions and implemented in these countries in the last three decades. The volume explores, and makes recommendations, for deep pan Arab regional integration and alternative pro-poor, growth-oriented economic and trade policies capable of promoting social justice by reducing the incidence of poverty. It highlights the ways in which various types of economic and trade policies have affected the levels of employment and poverty in five Arab countries: Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, the occupied Palestinian territory and Sudan. Using a mixture of qualitative and quantitative methodologies, the book focuses on Arab trade integration, exploring the obstacles to its implementation in the past, as well as its potentials as a source of employment generation and enhancement of living conditions. The book also addresses the construction, interpretation and use of quantitative trade indicators for optimal policy choice at both the domestic and regional levels.

This book deals with anti-dumping measures (AD) and investigates two questions: First, what country characteristics affect AD use and notably, do domestic political institutions have an effect? Second, (how) is the decision to impose a new AD measure affected by anticipation of trading partners' potential retaliation? This book applies a strategic perspective to AD to address these questions, presenting a game-theoretic model together with an empirical test. The approach sheds light on the dynamics of interaction between trading partners and allows to capture selection processes which underpin the trade restrictions that can actually be observed. The book provides a fresh look on when and how trading powers apply antidumping measures, how this is shaped by strategic interaction and whether institutions do make a difference to the outcome. In a period in which the international trading system has to cope with numerous stresses such as an increased resort to administered protection largely by big emerging economies, this is a timely and important contribution. Dr. Klaus Gunter Deutsch, Managing Director, Research, Economic and Industrial Policy, German Federation of Industries This book successfully integrates two research traditions in international politics - the traditional view that looks at domestic factors of anti-dumping policies and the strategic view that conditions the imposition of anti-dumping measures on the likely, retaliatory behavior of the trading partner. The result is an informative and constructive examination of anti-dumping protection and trade wars in the WTO. Prof. Dr. Thomas Brauninger, Chair of Political Economy, University of Mannheim, Germany "The Political Economy of Anti-Dumping Protection - A Strategic Analysis" is a major contribution to the important and growing field international political economy. Starting with the "traditional" comparative institutional analysis, which focuses on the implications of democratic and non-democratic regimes for using anti-dumping measures in trade politics, the second part applies a strategic perspective on this type of sanctions uncovering the dynamic interactions between a challenging and challenged countries. For all those interested in understanding the logic of sanctions, the role of institutions, and in how to examine the implications of theoretical models for international political economy this book is a "must read". Prof. Dr. Thomas Koenig, Chair of Political Science II, University of Mannheim, Germany.

This collection of original essays highlights the implications of China's economic transition since 1978 for Sino-American business and trade. Each chapter assesses the implications of China's economic and trade reforms from a different perspective, but the thread running through all of them is a conviction that the government of China and Chinese enterprises will have to strengthen their capacity to compete more effectively in the global economy if they are to be successful in expanding trade and business with the United States. Government and business leaders in both countries will face important challenges in adjusting to changing global trade alliances if they are to be more effective trading partners. Contributors review the changes in economic and trade policies in China, trace the political roots of economic reforms, assess the ability of Chinese companies to enter U.S. markets, explore the management improvements needed in Chinese enterprises, examine the differences between Chinese and North American manufacturing enterprises, and outline the changes in the world economy to which both American and Chinese business and political leaders will have to adjust.

The book begins with an introduction to the major issues facing China in transforming its economy and trade relationships with the United States and in strengthening its competitive position in the global economy. Contributors explore the political rationale for the economic changes that have taken place in China and provide a framework for understanding how China's trade policies have evolved since 1978. They trace the evolution of China's trade policies, especially as they apply to trade with the United States, and explore the remaining barriers to and opportunities for trade expansion between the two countries and the strategies that Chinese enterprises will have to adopt in order to enter U.S. markets or form joint ventures with U.S. companies. Trends in three major industries--textiles, machine tools, and medical supplies--illustrate the opportunities and requirements for Chinese enterprises to be competitive. This book will be of interest to students of international business, economics, trade and investment, China's modern economic and political history, and comparative management, and to business executives, government officials, and other professionals involved in trade and investment with China.

The Evolution of the Single European Market provides a detailed empirical and theoretical analysis of the impact of the Single European Market - one of the most significant developments in the world economy in the late twentieth century.A distinguished group of contributors examines how the Single Market has developed in practice and the impact it has had on industry regions and groups in society. They chart the likely future course of further integration in the light of public choice theory, subsidiarity and the current experience within the Single Market. The differences between the member states are analysed in detail as are the reasons why it has been so difficult to obtain agreement. They examine, from an evolutionary approach, issues such as competition law, the Single European Act, the unofficial means of implementation and enforcement, 'competition among rules', and the social dimension and external impact of the Single Market. The contributors include lawyers, economists, political scientists, sociologists and regional scientists, whose contribution stems from the work of over one hundred researchers across Europe in a linked programme of projects. This forward looking book will be required reading for researchers and students with an interest in economic and political integration as well as politicians and businesses involved in cross-border trade and investment. It will also be of interest to academics in the areas of economics, politics, law, social policy and geography.

This book shows how large an impact the WTO has on developing countries. It assesses the subsidies given and shows how they will be affected by trade liberalization. It looks in particular at the TRIPS agreement and assesses the costs and benefits that it will have for developing countries.

The Domestic Politics of International Trade considers the issues surrounding intellectual property rights in international trade negotiations in order to examine the challenges posed to domestic policy-makers by the increasingly broad nature of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). Throughout the book the author demonstrates the importance of domestic politics in understanding the nature and outcome of international negotiations, particularly as they relate to international economic diplomacy. The book looks in detail at the intellectual property negotiations which formed part of the US-Peru and US-Colombia Free Trade Agreements and analyses the extent to which public health authorities and other parties affected by the increased levels of intellectual property protection were integrated into the negotiation process. The book then juxtaposes these findings with an analysis of the domestic origins of US negotiation objectives in the field of intellectual property, paying particular attention to the role of the private sector in the development of these objectives. Based on a substantial amount of empirical research, including approximately 100 interviews with negotiators, capital based policy-makers, private sector representatives, and civil society organisations in Lima, Bogota and Washington, DC, this book offers a rare account of different stakeholders' perceptions of the FTA negotiation process. Ultimately, the book succeeds in integrating the study of domestic politics with that of international negotiations. This book will be of particular interest to academics as well as practitioners and students in the fields of international law, economic law, intellectual property, political economy, international relations, comparative politics and government.

There is growing consensus in the literature that trade and trade policy matter for a pro-poor growth and development strategy. Therefore, policies that are consistent with this strategy feature increasingly in many African countries where poverty is endemic and rapid and where sustainable economic growth is viewed as the major vehicle for poverty reduction. Key elements of these polices include measures that promote the expansion and diversification of production and trade in Africa. This book is aimed at articulating appropriate structural and policy measures for eliminating the constraints that African countries face and thus ensuring that they can derive maximum benefits from all available market access opportunities.

There is evidence that most African countries face external market access barriers in their major export destinations which are generally less constraining than those confronting countries in other developing country regions. Yet, they have generally not been able to take full advantage of the special (preferential) market access opportunities available to them. This suggests that improved external market access, whether reciprocal or preferential, would not, by itself, be sufficient for strengthening African export performance. In this collection, export supply response capacity takes external (beyond-the-border) factors as given and concentrates primarily on the internal (behind-the-border) factors that influence production and distribution costs and, thus, competitiveness.

The central working hypothesis of this book is that the inability of domestic producers and exporters in Africa to respond quickly, effectively and efficiently to external market access opportunities is caused by various limitations of their internal supply capacity and that this, in turn, is largely responsible for the lacklustre export performance of many African countries. This comprehensive study should be of interest to students and researchers of international trade and development economics as well as African studies.

This book looks at the growing economic impact of the Asian Driver economies and particularly China on global prices and through this on other low income economies. Farooki and Kaplinsky consider both the possibility of a sustained rise in commodity prices as well as the growing financialization of global commodity markets and exploring the interconnections between these issues discuss the theory and policy related challenges ahead. In the midst of a sustained global economic crisis, the authors argue that countries like China follow a commodities-intensive growth-path and that the strategic significance of commodities prices lies not so much in their nominal prices, but in their prices relative to other sectors (manufactures and services); thus, economic crisis will affect not only the commodities sector.

First published in 1987, Administered Protection in America follows calls in the United States, at that time, for the protection of American industries and the preservation of jobs threatened by foreign competition. Professor Rugman's and Dr Anderson's work presents evidence that the United States already has a system of administered protection in place in the form of escape clauses, countervailing duty and anti-dumping procedures. The book argues that the application of these procedures by a largely decentralised administration has reduced United States state policy to a state of near anarchy. Rugman and Anderson argue that this is counterproductive for the United States and extremely harmful for America's trading partners in Europe, Canada and the Far East. The conclusion looks at discussions of trade negotiations with Canada, in which Canada was pursuing a bilateral free trade agreement with the United States.

During the past twenty or so years, foreign direct investment (FDI) flows have increased at rates approaching the astounding, especially so during the 1990s. While much of the increase was due to unprecedented cross-border mergers and acquisitions among high-income countries, the amount of FDI flowing to developing nations also grew substantially. This volume examines the economics of this FDI to developing countries. Some chapters are theoretical in nature, others empirical, and still others are largely policy-oriented. Topics covered include whether FDI makes an autonomous contribution to growth in these nations and whether or not 'spillovers' are generated by this investments. Also covered are effects of policy intervention by governments on FDI flows and whether non-economic factors (e.g. cultural factors) might figure as determinants of location of FDI.

The West and China Since 1500 surveys Western relations with and attitudes toward China since sustained contact and desirable trading began with the great alternative culture in the 16th century. The experiences of traders, diplomats, and missionaries are surveyed and illustrated by frequent quotations from contemporary sources. In addition the book explores the flow of cultural influences in both directions, and changes in Western opinion about China from admired model, to disdained "land of the eternal standstill," to feared resurgent power. Finally, the author examines current issues in dispute such as Taiwan and human rights.

This book seeks to examine the basis of economic globalization, yesterday, today, and tomorrow, and to link the outcome of globalization into the context of the new economic geography. It shows how the phenomenon is exhibited in the light of current events, providing a good way to keep understand today 's world economy.

In the era of rapid globalization, the ITC plays a significant and wide ranging role working with both governments and trade support institutions to nurture an export culture, this work will provide a much needed overview of this dynamic organization. This book: * Details the history of the organization since its inception * Examines its current mandate and the impact of recent reforms * Analyses the ability of the ITC to provide trade intelligence, and its role in the development of national export strategies * Evaluates the future challenges, and emphasises that the ITC must continue to broaden its mandate and continue to be responsive and results orientated to remain a key player The status of ITC -- half-in and half-out of the UN -- could prove to be an interesting model for the future, and this work will be of interest to not only to academics but also government trade specialists and negotiators, the "aid for trade" donors, NGOs, and those involved in the running of international organizations.

The external trade policies of the European Community are of great importance, both for its own people and for trading partners in the remainder of the world. Yet, the processes by which the European Community of 12 countries attempts to reach agreement have remained somewhat mysterious. What has been the relative influence of principles of policy and of various political, bureaucratic and private interests, at both the Community and the national levels? This volume is based on a number of case studies, and also contains chapters on the formation of attitudes to trade policy in three of the largest countries of the Community - Germany, the United Kingdom and France. J.P. Hayes is the author of "Economic Effects of Sanctions in Southern Africa".

When this work was first published in 1966, there was much interest in various types of commodity agreements and compensatory financing as methods of reducing the effects of export fluctuations on the economies of developing countries. The book concluded that short term fluctuations in export earnings, though perhaps important for some countries, did not appear to be the general problem that had been assumed. If correct, it would suggest that any measures should be carefully designed to fit the situations of countries that were affected and be subjected to cost-benefit analysis. This led to many published and unpublished studies on the issues: some supported, others contradicted the book's conclusions. The data available now are vastly greater and probably more accurate than pre-1966. However, the work and the issues it raised remain important because most schemes proposed to reduce export instability would be costly and likely to divert resources from uses more obviously aimed at raising economic development in most developing countries.

Most of the existing textbooks on international economics - a widely taught and ighly popular subject - are long and too detailed and advanced for many students. This book, first published in 1983, and written by a respected leading authority, presents the essentials of the topic in a simple and straightforward way. The book contains the minimum of algebra and avoids detailed proofs. It incorporates the most recent theoretical advances and discusses current issues in comercial policy. Moreover, it puts less emphasis than other textbooks on trade theory and more on balance of payments theory and on questions of international finance and international finance anf international monetarism which are the areas of current concern.

The five parts of this collection of essays systematically and thoroughly examine the two competing theories of balance of payments and adjustment, namely the Keynesian and the Monetary approaches. Each part deals with specific aspects of the two approaches. Part I surveys the theories behind these two approaches, looking at the presuppositions, main theory, and policy recommendations which they include. Part II examines the empirical literature and describes the numerous models which have been proposed. Part III critiques the two theories on their assumptions, policy advice and empirical modeling. Part IV compares and contrasts the two views, both theoretically and empirically. Empirical studies on different countries are performed to emphasize the differing set of accounts and variables of the two approaches. Part V considers the approaches in a regime of flexible exchange rates. Scholars, students and researchers will find this collection of great help in understanding the two approaches to balance of payments and adjustment.