First Published in 2005. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Following the Second World War, the United States would become the leading 'neoliberal' proponent of international trade liberalization. Yet for nearly a century before, American foreign trade policy was dominated by extreme economic nationalism. What brought about this pronounced ideological, political, and economic about-face? How did it affect Anglo-American imperialism? What were the repercussions for the global capitalist order? In answering these questions, The 'Conspiracy' of Free Trade offers the first detailed account of the controversial Anglo-American struggle over empire and economic globalization in the mid- to late-nineteenth century. The book reinterprets Anglo-American imperialism through the global interplay between Victorian free-trade cosmopolitanism and economic nationalism, uncovering how imperial expansion and economic integration were mired in political and ideological conflict. Beginning in the 1840s, this conspiratorial struggle over political economy would rip apart the Republican Party, reshape the Democratic Party, and redirect Anglo-American imperial expansion for decades to come.

First Published in 2005. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

The first volume in a new series examines German foreign policy towards Eastern Europe from 1890 to 1960, through a narrower focus on its trade policy actions with Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Imperial Russia/Soviet Union.

Countries establish defence industries for various reasons. Chief among these are usually a concern with national security, and a desire to be as independent as possible in the supply of the armaments which they believe they need. But defence industries are different from most other industries. Their customer is governments. Their product is intended to safeguard the most vital interests of the state. The effectiveness of these products (in the real, rather than the experimental sense) is not normally tested at the time of purchase. If, or when, it is tested, many other factors (such as the quality of political and military leadership) enter into the equation, so complicating judgments about the quality of the armaments, and about the reliability of the promises made by the manufacturers. All of these features make the defence sector an unusually political industrial sector. This has been true in both the command economies of the former Soviet Union and its satellites, and in the market or mixed economies of the west. In both cases, to speak only a little over-generally, the defence sector has been particularly privileged and particularly protected from the usual economic vicissitudes. In both cases, too, its centrality to the perceived vital interests of the state has given it an unusual degree of political access and support.

Today's political minds assure us that the more 'connected' societies are, the less danger they pose to global stablity--but is this a 'new' idea or one that is as old as history itself? Trade networks that began as far back as human prehistory were responsible for exchanges of ideas as well as goods and the 'ripple effects' of these networks were the expansionist compulsions of hstorical states and empires. These papers tell us that the civillizations of the ancient past may have had more in common with modern global enterprises than was ever before imagined. Two concepts that have great mmediacy and have now become the current watchwords for the media as well as for academia, globalization and long-term historical processes, are brought together in this interdisciplinary volume of papers based upon Manuel Castells' massive work "The Network Society.

This comprehensive book addresses one of the most important aspects of international trade, namely, regional trade and regional integration agreements (RIAs). The focus of intense global interest and debate over the last decade, RIAs have become an integral and enduring aspect of the multilateral trading regime. Dilip K. Das analyzes the latest trends, evaluates the pattern and gauges the progress of regional integration in the global economy over the post-war, and especially the contemporary, periods. At present approximately half of the world's trade is intra-RIA. Virtually all 146 members of the World Trade Organization are partners in at least one RIA, and several are part of two or more. While some economists believe that this proliferation of RIAs should be welcomed, others are less sanguine and emphasize the importance and primacy of multilateral trade liberalization. Dilip K. Das examines whether regionalism has a rightful place in a rapidly globalizing world economy. The role of RIAs in the global trading system is explored as well as their role in promoting economic development, their welfare implications and whether they adversely affect the global trading system. The principal foci of the book include the impact of RIAs' market access provisions and trade regulatory functions on international trade relations. Academics, researchers, and students in the areas of economics, international political economy, political science, international relations, regionalism, and business will find this timely volume of great interest.

This book deals with commodity price stabilization. It explores the contemporary changes in global trade agreements and their relationship to the ongoing changes in international and regional trade structures and economic integration. It takes a wholistic, interdisciplinary approach, including economic, legal and political aspects; examines the EC and NAFTA as important trade blocs, and their impact on global economies. Investigates the Chinese approach to trade management, the oil price stabilization policies, and seabed minerals; discusses discrimination in international trade.

The interdisciplinary nature of the book is given prominence through the layout of the various parts. Part I examines the legal issues of commodity trade, investigating the debate over whether international trade agreements create hard law or soft law. Part II discusses the political economy of contemporary global trade issues, including the rise of intraindustry trade and discrimination in international trade. Part III addresses the recent trend towards regionalism and trade blocs, focusing on the EC and NAFTA, and their economic implications. Finally, Part IV presents the issues of commodity trade stabilization for minerals and oil, including both land-based and seabed commodities.

The Internet is lowering barriers to information exchange and export to an unprecedented degree. This book is the first systematic investigation of how e-commerce impacts export marketing and performance in terms of product design, global promotion, and distribution. Not only does the work advance marketing theory, it also provides a rich dataset of results from a comprehensive survey of exporters. Marketing professors and exporters will find this book to be a valuable addition to their library. "This study presents a first attempt to examine the link between the business environment, export marketing strategy, e-commerce activities and export performance in an export venture market . it is highly recommended for marketing scholars and practitioners." - Dr. Gary Gregory, Associate Director of Centre for Applied Marketing and Senior Lecturer of Marketing, University of New South Wales

Globalisation has evolved to become the dominant economic, cultural, environmental and political phenomenon of our time. In economic terms, debates now extend beyond concepts of 'winners and losers', to key questions of how to deal with the problems unleashed by globalisation while preserving its benefits. However, if the benefits of globalisation are fairly shared and the costs properly dealt with, a deeper economic understanding of how globalisation is impacting our economic world is needed. This important book addresses this task, featuring contributions from many of the world's leading economists. Seven key aspects of globalisation are considered: trans-border trade, trans-border movement of people and capital, the emergence of a new international order, the homogenization of economic cultures, technology and institutions, labour market consequences, corporate governance issues, and prospects for a global society. These carefully chosen themes illuminate the complex path that globalisation is following by showing it to be a process consisting of various transitions and subplots, the totality of which is closely examined in this comprehensive and authoritative work. Economics of Globalisation is essential reading for academics, researchers, policy-makers and business professionals.

By the 1780s in the city of Barcelona alone, more than 150 factories shipped calicoes to every major city in Spain and across the Atlantic, from Veracruz to Montevideo. Catalan, Basque and Castilian families sent relatives throughout the Iberian Peninsula and Spanish America, hoping to enrich themselves from the trade in calicoes. "Clothing the Spanish Empire" narrates the lives of families on both sides of the Atlantic who profited from the craze for calicoes, and in doing so helped the Spanish empire to flourish in the eighteenth century.

In this new, fully updated edition of "Trade Politics" leading experts from Europe and North America provide a comprehensive overview of the politics of international trade in the 21st century. The book explains the changing political environment in which trade policy is shaped, the core political issues, the future trade agenda and the role of the key actors. Subjects covered include:
- transatlantic trade relations
- regional trading agreements in Asia, Europe, North America and Latin America
- how trade affects developing countries
- the politics of the World Trade Organization
- key policy areas such as agriculture, competition and intellectual property
- the role of firms and governments in international trade
- how trade impacts on human rights and the environment
With more case studies in each chapter, suggestions for further reading, lists of websites and chapter summaries, this is the ideal text for students of trade politics, international political economy and international business.

In this new, fully updated edition of "Trade Politics" leading experts from Europe and North America provide a comprehensive overview of the politics of international trade in the 21st century. The book explains the changing political environment in which trade policy is shaped, the core political issues, the future trade agenda and the role of the key actors. Subjects covered include:
- transatlantic trade relations
- regional trading agreements in Asia, Europe, North America and Latin America
- how trade affects developing countries
- the politics of the World Trade Organization
- key policy areas such as agriculture, competition and intellectual property
- the role of firms and governments in international trade
- how trade impacts on human rights and the environment
With more case studies in each chapter, suggestions for further reading, lists of websites and chapter summaries, this is the ideal text for students of trade politics, international political economy and international business.

The Alpha Barrier was officially featured at a Roundtable discussion facilitated by the National Defense University, Washington D.C. on April 7, 2010. On that occasion, strategic planners, policy personnel and decision makers representative of the highest levels of government discussed and offered perspectives on the arguments put forward in the book. Within 2 days of the Roundtable, two strategically timed and calibrated visits were launched to countries that were identified in the publication as key geo-strategic players that should be of immediate concern to the United States, 1. The visit of Defence Secretary Robert Gates in April. The visit of Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton in June The successive itineraries were specifically intended to bolster and consolidate accords in the area of defense cooperation, to reaffirm the commitment of the Obama administration to the promotion of cooperation and partnership and to render tangible support for the Caribbean Basin Security Initiative in the form of a $73 million Congressional budgetary allocation. The latter would fuel a collective regional offensive against the trafficking of drugs and firearms and effectively stymie the cross-border flows of illicit proceeds derived from the drug trade. These high-profiled visits have lent salience and relevancy to the arguments advanced in The Alpha Barrier...that there is a political imperative for the Obama administration to reinvigorate relationships between the United States and specific players in the south and thereby redress the legacy of diffused interest that typified the post 9/11 era. This compels the application of a new brand of statecraft that is compatible with a drastically altered strategic environment. Key components of this statecraft must necessarily be multilateralism and consensual decision making. The selective delivery of aid packages is merely a first step. The Alpha Barrier is an insightful book that touches on the above topics in detail, and offers clear-minded discussion on these very important issues.

The conventional wisdom that political and economic actors in colonial countries are passive and reactive is undermined by Goldberg's close examination of the decisions and calculations of leading political and economic actors. Goldberg shows how critical decisions affecting Egypt's integration into the world economy were based on clear understandings of what policies were most likely to advance the interests of leading interest groups, with results that continue to bedevil Egypt's political economy today. Drawing on core concepts in political economy, Goldberg focuses on how Egyptian cotton growers decided to invest in the development of product reputation, developed institutions to protect that reputation, and engaged in coalition politics to protect their interests. The result was a heavy reliance on child labour and thus the failure to provide education and skills necessary for economic development, undermining subsequent attempts to industrialize Egypt and move it away from the production of primary goods. This is a tale of paradoxes and unintended consequences of rational action.

Following substantial policy reforms in many countries, the past decade has been characterized by a remarkable increase of long-term private capital flows to the developing world. However, the bulk of these investments has concentrated on a few economies at the intermediate level of the international income distribution, while the large number of low-income countries has been mostly neglected by international investors. Starting from these observations, International Investment, Political Risk, and Growth analyzes the potential growth effects of liberalizing investment regimes in developing economies and offers an explanation for the apparent bias of private capital flows towards middle-income countries. It demonstrates that the removal of investment barriers may liberate an economy from a vicious circle of poverty, unproductive saving, and low growth, and presents a novel approach to analyzing the role of political risk as a major impediment to greater private capital inflows. Offering a combination of theoretical models and empirical analysis, and discussing both the historical evidence and the recent literature, this book contributes to a better understanding of the determinants and consequences of international investment in developing countries.

There are no miracles in Latin America, says international consultant Louis Nevaer--only opportunities--and with economic integration well underway, these opportunities are more promising than ever for U.S. businesses. Trade barriers fell at the Summit of the Americas, and even the Mexican meltdown failed to dim the Latin American promise. How U.S. businesses can participate in these processes of democratization and liberalization in Latin America is the subject of Dr. Nevaer's wide-ranging discussion. With attention not only to economic and trade considerations, but also to social, political, and cultural events and characteristics of the Latin American business scene, Dr. Nevaer provides readers with unusually rich up-to-date insights into how business is done there and how U.S. businesspeople can do it. This is important reading for corporate management at all levels, economists, international bankers and investors, and for their colleagues in the academic community who share their interests.

Dr. Nevaer starts with a general discussion of American business and business people in Latin America, and then puts the Latin American business scene in historical perspective. He looks the same way at the Mexican meltdown, focusing not only on Mexico's recovery, but on the residual social and economic problems as well. He then discusses strategies for turbulent markets throughout Latin America, Central America, and the Caribbean Basin Nations, with fascinating insights into the things that U.S. businesspeople can--and cannot--expect in their day-to-day interactions with their Latin American counterparts. Of special interest are the fourteen appendices. Together they provide a detailed list of sources for business information--an easily accessed guide that executives with special needs and concerns will find essential, and which will also be of help to scholars and academic researchers.

This book examines the relationship between globalisation and regionalism through a detailed analysis of the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) project. It analyses how the interaction between globalisation and domestic politics shaped the evolution of AFTA over the past 10 years, arguing that although AFTA was triggered primarily by the pressures of globalisation, it was a tussle between the imperatives of growth and domestic distribution that shaped the way economic cooperation unfolded and the forms it took.

eBook available with sample pages: 020313088X

Depression and Protectionism considers the case of the oldest advocate of free trade and its greatest exponent, Britain, and examines the developments that led to the reversal of that policy in the 1930s. It also discusses the consequences of the protectionst policy for the domestic economy. * Discusses the most important debate in international economics * Using an explicit economic framework, the book examines the economic origins of the industrial tariff in Britain.

Covering the period 1550-1939, this book examines the history and development of theories of international pricing and trade. The work of the following economists is covered: Locke; Barbon; Vaderlint; Harris; Hume; Smith; Ricardo; Malthus; Bosanquet; Mill; Torrens; Marshall; Haberler; Austin; Stirling; Chevalier; Carines; Jevons; Leslie; Goschen; Bagehot; Wicksell; Sidgwick; Pigou; Viner; Heckscher; Ohlin; Keynes; Taussig; and Pareto.

Asia constitutes a large portion of the world's population and this new book provides a good selection of contributions that cover trade, equity and development in the continent. With contributions from such leading experts as Clem Tisdell, T.N. Srinivasan and Gustav Ranis, the book's chapters cover countries from Pakistan and India to Korea and Indonesia. This book should be required reading for those interested in the economic growth and development of Asian countries.

China, with the world's largest population, is set to become the second largest market in the world by 2010. The importance of understanding the environment for foreign direct investment (FDI) in China has never been more apparent.
With this as a context, this book examines FDI in China with the emphasis on the 'where to locate' question. Japanese direct investment is used as a case study elucidating the key locational determinants and characteristics thereof. This is the first book focusing on the 'where to locate' question with respect to the China market. All companies with a China strategy and all university business departments will find this book of vital importance.

In today's global economy, NAFTA continues to present unprecedented opportunities for companies in cross-border commerce. 'Uniting North American Business: NAFTA Best Practices' focuses on best business practices and lessons learned in the years since the NAFTA agreement was first signed, and their impact on both the economy and society. 'Uniting North American Business' provides you with the skills and competencies necessary to become more effective business managers and citizens in NAFTA countries by considering: * What is the scope of the NAFTA agreement itself?* What are some of the positive benefits of NAFTA?* What is really causing job loss attributed to NAFTA?* What should we know about Canada, the United States, and Mexico to better understand the culture and management philosophies of our partners?* What will society look like if current trends continue?

Designed as a primer for policymakers and students, this volume focuses on two critical problems the United States faces as we move into the 1990s: the unprecedented size of U.S. trade deficits and the nation's declining international competitiveness. The author uses contemporary data to identify and explain the linkages among trade deficits, budget deficits, international competitiveness, the future of manufacturing in the United States, the U.S. debtor position, foreign direct investment, and other related economic and political problems. Particular attention is given to the critical role of the manufacturing sector in determining the nation's international competitiveness and to the effects on the manufacturing sector of tax and fiscal policies that alter international capital flows. The author's central unifying theme is that U.S. trade deficits and the nation's international competitiveness are related but different problems requiring separate policy consideration and sometimes different policy prescriptions. In fact, the author demonstrates, some policies that could improve U.S. trade balances would actually reduce our international competitiveness.

Divided into four parts, the book begins by defining international competitiveness, separating it from the trade deficit problems, and identifying its major determinants. Part II deals with the decline of U.S. trade performance in the 1980s and traces the growth of the deficit, its causes, the effect of remedial policy actions, and the implications for U.S. manufacturing. The resulting escalation in U.S. international debt is also discussed and analyzed. In the third section, the author examines the difficult adjustments that both the United States and its major trading partners must make to narrow unsustainable U.S. deficits and the complementary surpluses of some trading partners. The final section explores the key policy alternatives for dealing with the trade and competitiveness issues in the 1990s and provides a broad agenda of actions to deal with both problems. A separate chapter describes flaws in the organization of the U.S. government which hinder the conduct of U.S. policy and U.S. international economic leadership. Written in nontechnical language, "Beyond Blue Economic HorizonS" is both an invaluable assessment of U.S. trade and competitive prospects for students of international finance and a call to action for policymakers charged with developing sound economic and trade policies for the 1990s.

This volume brings together some of the most influential scholars in development economics to explore how to improve the well-being of the poor, how to design effective structures and institutions for poverty reduction, and what the role of economic, political and social dimensions are (and should be) in global development. Issues addressed include globalization; both its governance and a historical perspective; inequality, of income, and the potential for conflict; trade and labor practices in a transitional and developing world; and the natures and characteristics of institutions and markets.