Dimensions of Trade Policy collects the author's significant works on international trade policy over almost 30 years of publishing. The articles cover an eclectic range of topics but are grouped into three main areas of concentration - local content protection, the economics of preferential trading areas and the relationship between trade and competition policies - and the book also includes some sui generis topics, such as 'fair trade' and 'buy local' schemes. An introduction ties the chapters together and indicates their relevance to contemporary matters in trade policy.

Exploring the contentious relationship between trade and labour, this book looks at the impact of the EU's 'new generation' free trade agreements on workers. Drawing upon extensive original research, including over 200 interviews with key actors across the EU and its trading partners, it considers the effectiveness of the trade-labour linkage in an era of global value chains. The EU believes trade can work for all, claiming that labour provisions in its free trade agreements ensure that economic growth and high labour standards go hand-in-hand. Yet whether these actually make a difference to workers is strongly contested. This book explains why labour provisions have been profoundly limited in the EU's agreements with the CARIFORUM group, South Korea and Moldova. It also shows how the provisions were mismatched with the most pressing workplace concerns in the key export industries of sugar, automobiles and clothing, and how these concerns were exacerbated by the agreements' commercial provisions. This pioneering approach to studying the trade-labour linkage provides insights into key debates on the role of civil society in trade governance, the relationship between public and private labour regulation, and the progressive possibilities for trade policy in the twenty-first century. This book will appeal to research scholars, post-graduate students, trade policy practitioners, policy researchers allied to labour movements, and informed activists.

This hard-hitting research report presents a rigorous critique of the most widely used trade models based on computable general equilibrium (or CGE) models. The authors present concise analytical arguments explaining the fundamental weaknesses of typical CGE models. They show that these models tend to make unrealistic assumptions about the macro-economy and do not allow an accurate estimation of the welfare gains that trade liberalisation is supposed to induce. The report appeals for honest simulation strategies showing a variety of possible outcomes, which would enable policy-makers to assess the different scenarios for themselves.

First published in 1907, this substantial volume emerged as guidance to those involved in international trade at the time of the British Empire, with a focus on seafaring commerce and its hazards. Its dedication to Herbert H. Asquith and support from the International Law Association suggest it was an authoritative text. The author aims to provide a full exposition of the rules of International Law which governed the commercial relations of the subjects of neutral and belligerent nations. Produced with lawyers, shipowners, shippers and public servants in mind, it covers issues including contraband, blockades, capture and rescue.

In less than 100 years, international organizations have evolved from curiosities into keystones of international law. What began long ago as an unremarkable effort to coordinate a limited number of technical issues has grown into a global, multilevel, blended governing project with diverse competences in most fields of human endeavor and interests. Law graduates who enter the field of international law, as well as political science, international relations, and diplomacy, are increasingly expected to have a strong knowledge of the law of international organizations. Beyond knowledge, graduates are also expected to be able to solve new emerging legal problems confronting organizations. This book introduces students to the law of international organizations through the careful study of the most recent cases and other materials from the International Court of Justice, United Nations Security Council and General Assembly, World Trade Organization, international criminal tribunals, European Union, European Court of Human Rights, International Labour Organization, various domestic courts and arbitral panels, and other bodies. In doing so, it undertakes a critical examination of legal rights and duties, exposing the fundamental questions that arise when addressing a range of issues within an organization. In order to provide the best foundation, the textbook focuses on several key topics: the law of treaties, creation of organizations, membership, powers of organizations, legal effects of their acts, organs, immunities, and responsibility. This book is best suited for students who are studying international organizations and who have already had one or more courses on international and/or European law.

This book is a political-economic analysis of China's transformation to become a global aviation power. It aims to identify the driving forces that have shaped China's ever-evolving international air transport policy direction and goals in the past four decades and further determines how and to what extent these driving forces have shaped China's considerations and strategies when executing its policy goals through bilateral air services negotiations. The findings reveal that China's international air transport policymaking has remained in the domain of the country's aviation regulator, which has enjoyed an exclusivity to exercise its power on the air transport sector. The book argues that China's international air transport policy direction is in alignment with the country's overall strategic mission and its goal is set to support the country's endeavour to realise the "China dream." It concludes that factors at all levels interact with each other with a far-reaching impact on the country's policy direction and goal setting; however, these factors are constrained by time and circumstances. The book is a must-read for a wide array of audiences, including, but not limited to, scholars and industry professionals who have an interest in China's political economy, policymaking, international trade, government behaviour, corporate political activities, air transport, aviation liberalisation, and bilateral negotiations.

Offering a study of regionalism in Africa and investigating the ways in which law can be used to address the issues raised by regional processes on the continent, this book examines the African Economic Community, considering that it has been entrusted to coordinate and to harmonize policies between various Regional Economic Communities (RECs) across the continent, thereby influencing the continent's approach towards regional integration. It seeks to identify how law can be used to strengthen the African RECs while ensuring that they achieve their goal of promoting regional development across the continent. Drawing upon economic and political theories, and using a critical doctrinal analysis of legal texts and norms, the book uncovers the legal and economic underpinnings of the model of regional integration followed by the regional schemes operating under the banner of the AEC, aiming to contribute to the search for effective methods to ensure the success of these various initiatives. Proposing the concept of "Regional Developmentalism Through Law" as the most suitable conceptual framework to support the effective establishment of an African Economic Community, this book will be of interest to researchers, academics and policy makers interested in the correlation between law, regional integration and development in Africa.

This book provides a detailed analysis of the legal framework in which the energy trade between the European Union and the Russian Federation has been conducted. Using case studies of eight member states, it critically examines the EU's ability and the duty of its Member States to conduct their external energy trade in accordance with the principle of solidarity. Providing a comprehensive analysis of the principle of solidarity as provided in the acquis communautaire of the EU, the book critically analyses the legal framework pertaining to EU-Russia energy trade to ascertain whether, and to what extent, it satisfies the requirements of the rule of law.

This book is a political-economic analysis of China's transformation to become a global aviation power. It aims to identify the driving forces that have shaped China's ever-evolving international air transport policy direction and goals in the past four decades and further determines how and to what extent these driving forces have shaped China's considerations and strategies when executing its policy goals through bilateral air services negotiations. The findings reveal that China's international air transport policymaking has remained in the domain of the country's aviation regulator, which has enjoyed an exclusivity to exercise its power on the air transport sector. The book argues that China's international air transport policy direction is in alignment with the country's overall strategic mission and its goal is set to support the country's endeavour to realise the "China dream." It concludes that factors at all levels interact with each other with a far-reaching impact on the country's policy direction and goal setting; however, these factors are constrained by time and circumstances. The book is a must-read for a wide array of audiences, including, but not limited to, scholars and industry professionals who have an interest in China's political economy, policymaking, international trade, government behaviour, corporate political activities, air transport, aviation liberalisation, and bilateral negotiations.

In recent years the relationships between trade and the environment and trade and development have become increasingly complex. The need to reconcile the competing demands of economic growth, economic development, and environmental protection has become central to the multi-lateral trade agenda. In this volume various commentators debate the role of the World Trade Organization and other institutions in addressing these challenges. The book arises from the papers presented at two High Level Symposia hosted by the World Trade Organization in March 1999, on "Trade and the Environment" and "Trade and Development". The first section of the work focuses on the relationship between trade and the environment. The issues addressed include the need for WTO members to pursue integrated trade and environmental policies in order to achieve sustainable development, ways in which the removal of trade restrictions and distortions can lead to positive environmental and development solutions, the relationship between WTO provisions and trade measures contained in environmental agreements, and the need for transparency and effective interaction between civil society and the trade community. The second section examines the growing importance of developing countries in the global trading system over the last 30 years, and the ways in which the inequalities which persist between countries may be addressed. The papers include discussion of the need for integration of the least-developed countries into the multilateral trading system, the ways in which international institutions may work together to realize the objective of development, the complex role of trade liberalization in development, and the importance of new technologies in accelerating integration between developing and developed countries.

Since the 1970s global rule-making with respect to international trade has increased in importance. Political and academic attention has been focused either on global institutions like the IMF, the World Bank, the WTO and UN organisations, or on regional blocs like the EU or NAFTA. As negotiations take place in different international arenas, these arenas themselves take on added strategic significance, with agendas pursued and switched from one arena to another, should one route be blocked. While dominant actors have sought to use arena switching to their advantage, subordinate actors have begun to reactivate alternative arenas of negotiation in order to pursue their different agendas. This book employs a multi-level and multi-arena perspective to analyze global rule-making in international trade. It explains why actors - both state and non-state actors - prefer particular arenas. It also addresses the question of which institutional designs serve the aims of specific groups best and how the rules of the different arenas are related.

The book expresses the views of the contributors about the present and future of Central America. Only by becoming more efficient in productivity, or by exporting non-traditional products, can this region meet the challenge ahead. Central American countries are accepting the challenge by diversifying their economies and accepting the advice of the world in terms of privatization, freedom of trade, capital, and free movement of labor. Central America needs a market for all of its products, and understanding for its new economic structure.

Drawing on candid accounts from practitioners, producers and industry representatives, this informative and proactive volume investigates the challenges facing today's fair trade movement and provides unique insights into the workings of social and economic power in world markets. Using original, in-depth empirical data, Anna Hutchens develops several new approaches to understanding power, governance and social change across the broad interdisciplinary fields of development, economics and politics. Emphasising fair trade's entrepreneurs, this book investigates the creation of innovative commercial fair trade business models that are often neglected in fair trade research but are crucial to the fair trade movement's survival in commercial markets. As corporate involvement in fair trade markets grows, these models will be the key variable for the sustainability of fair trade into the future. This book will be warmly welcomed by academics in the fields of economics, political science and sociology working on free trade and fair trade. International non-government organisations, such as Oxfam, and international fair trade networks will find this book invaluable. Government officials (particularly in the EU Commission and parliamentarians) working on fair trade and/or trade-and-development policy and analysis will also find this book of particular interest.

Why do some countries get rich and other countries don't? Does one country's gain mean another country's loss? How do we address the biggest challenge of all: the fact that our environment suffers when we all want to have our share of the cake? These key questions in international economics and business are addressed in this timely book. Covering issues such as economic growth, the drivers of economic growth and international competition, pollution and the division of labor, the book focuses on China's emergence, but examples of other countries provide context and perspective. Written in a jargon-free style yet extremely well-researched, it is suitable for economists and non-economists alike.

This volume examines dynamic interactions between the calculative and speculative practices of commerce and the fruitfulness, variability, materiality, liveliness and risks of nature. It does so in diverse environments caught up in new trading relationships forged on and through frontiers for agriculture, forestry, mining and fishing. Historical resource frontiers are understood in terms of commercial knowledge systems organized as projects to transform landscapes and environments. The book asks: how were environments traded, and with what environmental and landscape consequences? How have environments been engineered, standardized and transformed within past trading systems? What have been the successes and failures of economic knowledge in dealing with resource production in complex environments? It considers cases from northern Europe, North and South America, Central Africa and New Zealand in the period between 1750 and 1990, and the contributors reflect on the effects of transnational commodity chains, competing economic knowledge systems, environmental ignorance and learning, and resource exploitation. In each case they identify tensions, blind spots, and environmental learning that plagued commercial projects on frontiers.

Technology offsets, a nonconventional international trade-financing tool, is used by governments (buyers) to obtain industrial and technological benefits from companies (sellers) as part of international procurement. Offsets deals involve billions of dollars and this practice exists in around 80 countries around the world. Though offsets is a popular practice in defence, it is increasingly gaining popularity in civil sectors. Offsets is often tainted by controversy and receives bad press. What then makes offsets popular? Governments claim that offsets delivers technology and knowledge transfer, skills in high technology sectors and employment, and offsets expands export opportunities through participation in OEM supply chains. For companies, offsets is mainly employed as a tool to obtain a competitive edge and win sales in international business. In the past, there have been mixed results of case studies on the impact of offsets successes and failures. Considering the mismanagement of globalisation, unfair trade agreements and current political and economic discontent, there is a stronger need for governments and companies to use vehicles such as offsets to create a relationship of trust and commitment for sustainable development. This book fills the gap in offsets and focuses on how to manage offsets more effectively by addressing issues of strategy, policy and implementation, technology management, governance and risk. Technology Offsets in International Defence Procurement is designed for those studying international procurement, international trade, international business, technology management, defence policy and industrial policy. This book will also be of interest to practitioners and policy makers in both government and industry.

This edited volume explores the question of the lawfulness under international law of economic activities in occupied territories from the perspectives of international law, EU law, and business and human rights. Providing a multi-level overview of relevant practices, policies and cases, the book is divided in three parts, each dealing with how different legal fields have come to grips with the challenges brought about by the question of the lawfulness under international law of economic activities in occupied territories. The first part includes contributions pertaining to the international law dimension of the question. It contains chapters on the conjunction between jus in bello, jus ad bellum and international human rights law in the context of exploitation of natural resources in territories under belligerent occupation; on third party obligations flowing from the application of occupation law in relation to natural resources exploitation; and on State practice with regards to trading with occupied territories. The second part focuses on EU law and contains contributions that assess the EU's approach to occupied territories and the extent to which this approach comports with the EU's obligations under international law; contributions providing an in-depth assessment of the case-law of the CJEU on occupied territories; as well as contributions pertaining to the political considerations that may influence the legal framing of questions pertaining to occupied territories. The final part focuses on the business and human rights perspective, with chapters on investment arbitration as a means for holding the occupant accountable for its conduct towards foreign investments and investors; on the role and impact of the soft law framework governing corporate activity (such as the UN Guiding Principles) on business involvement with occupied territories; as well as a final case study on the dispute involving Israeli football activity in settlements located in the OPT and the legal responsibility of FIFA in this regard. The book will appeal to academics, practitioners and policy-makers alike.

This book offers a critical examination of the jurisprudence of the World Trade Organization (WTO) as an emancipatory international social contract on trade. The book suggests that the WTO is an international organization built and operating on member states' attribution of authority through consent with legislative, administrative, and adjudicative functions - three functions in one triune personality. With a solid constitutional continuity building on GATT experiences, the WTO has successfully made governments accountable to foreign individuals in various capacities either as traders of goods, providers of services, or holders of intellectual property rights within the global marketplace. With a triune personality, the WTO operates within the reign of state primacy - the force - ultimately for the benefits of individuals - the ends - in the global marketplace, and gains a soul of its own in the institutional evolution - the means - of the global trading regime. Although the tripartite dynamics between states, international institutions, and individuals in the global marketplace are unprecedentedly complex, the WTO's ends of benefiting individuals in the global marketplace has no end. Beyond the critical analysis of WTO's decision-making by consensus, the book critically examines GATT's "common intention" treaty interpretation, Antidumping's NME methodology, TRIPS' public health concerns, and IP-competition trade policy dynamics. A unified WTO jurisprudence looking at the WTO as an international social contract on trade is therefore proposed to allow a fresh look at the force, the means, and the ends of the constitutional evolution of the global trading regime.

International trade policy, including the trade policies of the European Union (EU), has become controversial in recent years. This book illuminates the politicised process of the EU's contemporary trade negotiations. The book uses the notion of 'contentious market regulation' to examine contemporary EU Free-Trade Agreements (FTAs) with industrialised countries: the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership with the USA (TTIP), the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement with Canada (CETA), the EU-South Korea Agreement (KOREU), and the EU's agreement with Japan (EU-Japan). It also analyses cross-cutting issues affecting trade policy, such as business dimensions, social mobilisation, parliamentary assertion, and investment. This book was originally published as a special issue of the Journal of European Integration.

The retail sector is an integral part of a national economy. From the political economy perspective, all consumer goods have surplus values locked up in them; the surplus values are not realized until the consumer goods are purchased by consumers through various distribution channels. As such, retailing is the essential link between production and consumption. The success of a retail business depends on two general factors: the location of the retail outlet, and management of the business. Both factors are equally important. If the business is located in the wrong place with the wrong customer base, it will not generate expected sales. Similarly, if the business is poorly managed and operated, it will not perform well even if the location is right. Influenced by both traditional and new location theories, Retail Geography is conceptualized and organized using the retail planning process as the framework. The technical and methodological chapters help guide the reader with detailed descriptions of the techniques and are supported with practical examples to reflect the latest software development. Retail Geography provides a state-of-the-art summary and will act as a core textbook for undergraduate and graduate students of economic geography interested in specializing in retail and business geography. The practical examples also make it a valuable handbook for practitioners in the field, as well as students of retail management and commercial real estate management.

The retail sector is an integral part of a national economy. From the political economy perspective, all consumer goods have surplus values locked up in them; the surplus values are not realized until the consumer goods are purchased by consumers through various distribution channels. As such, retailing is the essential link between production and consumption. The success of a retail business depends on two general factors: the location of the retail outlet, and management of the business. Both factors are equally important. If the business is located in the wrong place with the wrong customer base, it will not generate expected sales. Similarly, if the business is poorly managed and operated, it will not perform well even if the location is right. Influenced by both traditional and new location theories, Retail Geography is conceptualized and organized using the retail planning process as the framework. The technical and methodological chapters help guide the reader with detailed descriptions of the techniques and are supported with practical examples to reflect the latest software development. Retail Geography provides a state-of-the-art summary and will act as a core textbook for undergraduate and graduate students of economic geography interested in specializing in retail and business geography. The practical examples also make it a valuable handbook for practitioners in the field, as well as students of retail management and commercial real estate management.

Trade Law, Domestic Regulation and Development is about the relationship between trade, regulation and development. By combining law and economics perspectives on the international trading system, Trachtman takes an interdisciplinary approach in analyzing the topic of globalization and economic development.In a developing economy, as globalization proceeds, a critical factor is the relationship between liberalization of movement of goods, services, and people, on the one hand, and the right to regulate, including the right to regulate for development, on the other hand. In the context of market access, all countries need the right to restrict imports of goods or services that may hurt consumers or the broader society, and developing countries sometimes need the ability to subsidize their own goods and services, or sometimes to restrict imports of goods or services, in order to promote development. Nonetheless, both developed and developing countries often fall into the trap of regulating for protectionist or corrupt reasons. Finding the right balance between market access and regulation is the subject of analysis in this collected volume of 16 papers by Trachtman, and presented in a manner that is accessible and interesting to both law and economics readers. In Trachtman's own words, 'The purpose of [international] trade law in this context [globalization] seems to be to allow states to agree to avoid creating these inefficient policy externalities, not to force all states to dance to the same tune.'

This volume contains a collection of studies examining trade-related issues negotiated in regional trade agreements (RTAs) and how RTAs are related to the WTO's rules. While previous work has focused on subsets of RTAs, these studies are based on what is probably the largest dataset used to date, and highlight key issues that have been negotiated in all RTAs notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). New rules within RTAs are compared to rules agreed upon by WTO members. The extent of their divergences and the potential implications for parties to RTAs, as well as for WTO members that are not parties to RTAs, are examined. This volume makes an important contribution to the current debate on the role of the WTO in regulating international trade and how WTO rules relate to new rules being developed by RTAs.

This book belongs to the Port Economics and Global Supply Chain Management strand of the Palgrave Studies in Maritime Economics book series, commissioned by Hercules Haralambides. This book addresses the security of the global system of maritime-based trade, with a focus on container security. Existing discussions about maritime security are almost always tactical, myopic, and fragmented. This book strives to overcome such defects by discussing maritime security from its myriad perspectives - how we should think about it, how we could measure it, and how we can better manage/control it. In this way, the authors examine the ways in which maritime stakeholders can and should work together to build a more secure and resilient global system of maritime trade.

This is the first title in The Growth of the World Economy series and collects together the most significant research and scholarship on a crucial period in the growth of international trade, from the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries. This three hundred year span saw a dramatic expansion in the volume of world trade. Trade during this period became more truly international due to the rise of the nation-state in Europe. Articles are written by leading scholars around the world and take up such topics as the emergence of new world trade routes, trade in particular goods and commodities, European trade policies and mercantilism. With its focus on the beginnings of world trade, Trade in the Pre-Modern Era, 1400-1700 will be an indispensable reference source for all researchers concerned with the initial development of both international trade and the expansion of the world economy.